Facts Unit-5 and 6

A Presentation On..
1
FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System
(Facts) is a new integrated concept
based on power electronic switching
converters and dynamic controllers to
enhance the system utilization and
power transfer capacity as well as the
stability, security, reliability and power
quality of AC system interconnections.
INTRODUCTION
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System.
FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that

improve transmission systems.
FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC transmission

of electrical energy.
It is generally a power electronics based device.
Meant to enhance controllability and increase power

transfer capability.
3
BENEFITS OF FACTS DEVICES
Regulation of power flows in prescribed

transmission routes.
Reduces the need for construction of new

transmission lines, capacitors and reactors.
Provides greater ability to transfer power

between controlled areas.
These devices help to damp the power

oscillations that could damage the equipment.
Improves the transient stability of the
system.
Controls real and reactive power flow in

the line independently.
Damping of oscillations which can

threaten security or limit the usable line
capacity.
Better utilization of existing transmission system
assets
UPFC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Increased transmission system reliability and

availability (lower vulnerability to load changes, line faults)
Increased dynamic and transient grid
Stability and reduction of loop flows
Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries

(through mitigation of flicker, frequency variations)
Environmental benefits
6
OVER VIEW OF FACTS
AC- NETWORK
CONTROLLERS
CONVENTIONAL FACTS-Devices
(Switched) (Fast and Static)
R,L,C, Thyristor VSC Hybrid

Transformer Valve
Shunt
Switched STATCOM
Device
s Shunt SVC STATCOM + Energy
Compensation Storage
Series Switched SSSC,

s
Device Series TCSC IPFC
FCL
Compensation
Shunt- Phase Shifting UPFC,

DFC
Series Transformer DPFC
7
Basic Types of FACTS
Controllers
Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
FACTS controllers are classified as

Series Controllers
Shunt Controllers
Combined Series-Series Controllers
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
Series Controllers:
It could be a variable impedance (capacitor,
reactor, etc) or a power electronic based variable
source of main frequency, subsynchonous and
harmonic frequencies to serve the desired need.
Series Controllers:
Inject a voltage in series with the line.
If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the
current, controller supplies or consumes reactive
power.
Any other phase, involves control of both active
and reactive power.
Shunt Controllers:
It could be a variable impedance (capacitor,
reactor, etc) or a power electronic based variable
source or combination of both.
Shunt Controllers:
Inject a current in the system.
If the current is in phase quadrature with
the voltage, controller supplies or
consumes reactive power.
Any other phase, involves control of both
active and reactive power.
Combined Series-Series Controllers:

It could be a combination of separate series
controllers or unified controller.
Combined Series-Series Controllers:

Series controllers supply reactive power for each
line and real power among lines via power link.
Interline power flow controller balance real and
reactive power flow in the lines.
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:

It could be a combination of separate series &
shunt controllers or unified power flow
controller.
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:

Inject current into the system with the shunt
controller and voltage in series with the line with
series controller.
When the controllers are unified, exchange real
power between series and shunt controllers via
power link.
Choice of the controller:

Series controller controls the current/power flow
by controlling the driving voltage.
To control current/power flow and damp
oscillations, series controller is several times more
powerful than shunt controller.
Shunt controller injects current in the line
Thus it is used for more effective voltage control
& damp voltage oscillations.
Injecting the voltage in series with the line can

improve the voltage profile.
But shunt controller is more effective to improve
the voltage profile at substation bus.
For a given MVA, size of series controller is small
compared to shunt controller.
Shunt controllers cannot control the power flow in
the lines.
Series controllers should bypass short circuit
currents and handle dynamic overloads.
Controllers with gate turn off devices are based on

dc to ac converters and exchange active/reactive
power with ac lines.
This requires energy storage device.
Energy storage systems are needed when active

power is involved in the power flow.
A controller with storage is more effective for
controlling the system dynamics.
A converter-based controller can be designed with
high pulse order or pulse width modulation to
reduce the low order harmonic generation to a
very low level.
A converter can be designed to generate the
correct waveform in order to act as an active filter.
Static VAR Compensators (SVC)
Shunt connected static var generators and/or absorbers whose outputs are
varied so as to control specific power system quantities
The term static is used to denote that there are no moving or rotating
components
Basic types of SVCs:
Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)
Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
Saturated reactor
A static var system (SVS) is an aggregation of SVCs
and mechanically switched capacitors or reactors
whose outputs are coordinated
When operating at its capacitive limit, an SVC

behaves like a simple capacitor
(a) Controllable (b) Fixed capacitor (c) SVS
reactor
Composite characteristics of an SVS

Use of switched capacitors to extend
continuous control range
A typical static var system
SVS steady-state characteristics
(a) Voltage-current (b) Voltage-reactive

characteristic power characteristic
Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM)
This shunt connected static compensator was developed
as an advanced static VAR compensator where a voltage
source convertor (VSC) is used in- stead of the controllable
reactors and switched capacitors.
Although VSCs require self-commutated power

semiconductor devices such as GTO, IGBT, IGCT, MCT, etc
(with higher costs and losses) unlike in the case of variable
impedance type SVC which use thyristor devices.
A STATCOM is comparable to a Synchronous Condenser (or
Compensator) which can supply variable reactive power and
regulate the voltage of the bus where it is connected. The
equivalent circuit of a Synchronous Condenser (SC) is shown in
Fig.1.
Fig.1. Synchronous
condenser
A STATCOM (previously called as static condenser (STATCON)
has a similar equivalent circuit as that of a SC. The AC voltage
is directly proportional to the DC voltage (Vdc) across the
capacitor (see Fig.2. which shows the circuit for a single phase
STATCOM)
There are many technical advantages of a STATCOM over a SVC. These are
primarily:
(a) Faster response
(b) Requires less space as bulky passive components (such as reactors) are eliminated
(c) Inherently modular and relocatable
(d) It can be interfaced with real power sources such as battery, fuel cell or SMES
(superconducting magnetic energy storage)
(e) A STATCOM has superior performance during low voltage condition as the
reactive current can be maintained constant (In a SVC, the capacitive reactive current
drops linearly with the voltage at the limit (of capacitive susceptance). It is even
possible to increase the reactive current in a STATCOM under transient conditions if
the devices are rated for the transient overload. In a SVC, the maximum reactive
current is determined by the rating of the passive components reactors and
capacitors.
STATCOM is a regulating(poor power factor and poor voltage)
device.
Based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as
either a source or sink of reactive AC power.
If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC
power.
STATCOM provides better damping characteristics than the SVC as
it is able to transiently exchange active power with the system
Can be based on a voltage-sourced or current-sourced converter
Figure below shows one with voltage-sourced converter
driven by a dc voltage source: capacitor
Effectively an alternating voltage source behind a coupling reactance

controllable in magnitude
Can be operated over its full output current range even at very low
(typically 0.2 pu) system voltage levels
Requires fewer harmonic filters and capacitors than an SVC, and no
reactors
significantly more compact
Structure of STATCOM
Basically, the
STATCOM system is
comprised of Power
converters, Set of
coupling reactors or
a step up
transformer,
Controller
Advantages of STATCOM
The reactive components used in the STATCOM are much smaller than
those in the SVC.
The characteristics of STATCOM are superior.
The output current of STATCOM can be controlled up to the rated maximum
capacitive or inductive range.
Reduction of the capacity of semiconductor power converter and capacitor
bank to one half of those for the conventional SVC.
Better transient response of the order of quarter cycle.
Reduction of harmonic filter capacity.
Reduction of size of high value air-cored reactor.
Reduction of equipment volume and foot-print.
COMPARISON
OF
STATCOM AND SVC
CHARACTERISTICS
(i) V-I characteristics
(ii) V-Q Characteristics
(iii) Transient stability
P- characteristics with mid-point compensation

(iv) Response Time
Td s
Transport lag e
SVC- Between 2.5 ms to 5.0 ms
STATCOM- Between 200 s to 300 s
(v) Capability to exchange real power
For applications requiring active (real) power

compensation it is clear that the STATCOM, in contrast
to the SVC, can interface a suitable energy storage with
the AC system for real power exchange.
(vi) Operation with unbalanced AC
System
SVC controls establishes three identical shunt
admittances, one for each phase. Consequently, with
unbalanced system voltages the compensating currents in
each phase would become different . It is possible to
control the three compensating admittances individually by
adjusting delay angle of the TCRs so as to make the three
compensating currents identical.
However in this case triple-n harmonic content would be

different in each phase and their normal cancellation
through delta connection would not place. This operation
mode thus would generally require the installation of the
usually unneeded third harmonic filters.
The operation of the STATCOM under unbalanced system
conditions is different from that of the SVC, but the
consequences of the such operation are similar.
The STATCOM operation is governed by fundamental

physical law requiring that the net instantaneous power at the
ac and dc terminals of the voltage-sourced converters
employed must be always be equal. This is because the
converter has no internal energy storage and thus energy
transfer through it is absolutely direct, and consequently the
net instantaneous power at the ac and dc terminals must be
equal.
Wave forms illustrating the operation of a STATCOM during
LG Fault at the regulated bus
(vii) Loss Versus Var output
characteristics
The loss contribution of power semiconductors and
related components to the total compensator losses is higher
for the STATCOM than for the SVC. This is because
presently available power semiconductor devices with
internal turn-off capability have higher conduction losses
than conventional thyristors.
Thus the technological advances probably will have help

to reduce the overall losses of the STATCOM more than
those of the SVC.
(viii) Physical size and installation
From the stand point of physical installation,

because the STATCOM not only controls but also
internally generates the reactive output power, the
large capacitor and reactor banks with their
associated switchgear and protection, used in
conventional thyristors controlled SVCs, are not
needed.
This results in a significant reduction in overall

size (about 30 to 40 %) , as well as installation
labor and cost.

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A Presentation On..

Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System.

FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that

FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC transmission

It is generally a power electronics based device.

Meant to enhance controllability and increase power

Regulation of power flows in prescribed

Reduces the need for construction of new

Provides greater ability to transfer power

These devices help to damp the power

Controls real and reactive power flow in

Damping of oscillations which can

Increased transmission system reliability and

Increased dynamic and transient grid

Stability and reduction of loop flows

Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries

R,L,C, Thyristor VSC Hybrid

Series Switched SSSC,

Shunt- Phase Shifting UPFC,

FACTS controllers are classified as

Combined Series-Series Controllers:

Combined Series-Series Controllers:

Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:

Combined Series-Shunt Controllers:

Choice of the controller:

Injecting the voltage in series with the line can

Controllers with gate turn off devices are based on

Energy storage systems are needed when active

Basic types of SVCs:

Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)

Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)

When operating at its capacitive limit, an SVC

Composite characteristics of an SVS

(a) Voltage-current (b) Voltage-reactive

Although VSCs require self-commutated power

(a) Faster response

(c) Inherently modular and relocatable

Effectively an alternating voltage source behind a coupling reactance

P- characteristics with mid-point compensation

For applications requiring active (real) power

However in this case triple-n harmonic content would be

The STATCOM operation is governed by fundamental

Thus the technological advances probably will have help

From the stand point of physical installation,

This results in a significant reduction in overall

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