Chapter 1 - Understanding Physics
Chapter 1 - Understanding Physics
PHYSICS
WORLD OF PHYSICS
Why do the men sat at both side of the raft ?
bends his
body
glasses
tight shirt
WHY ?
WOULD .. ?
HOW ?
Exploring Physics .
UNITS
Used in measurement and preferably written using
symbols.
SI UNITS
Identify the quantity that has been measured
Scientific notation is used for large and small
numbers
10 -1 deci d 10 1 deca da
10 -2 centi c 10 2 hecto h
10 -3 mili m 10 3 kilo k
10 -6 micro 10 6 mega M
10 -9 nano n 10 9 giga G
10 -12 piko p 10 12 tera T
CONVERT INTO SI UNITS
Examples : By using sub -multiple prefix,
a quantity can be convert into
1. 20 cm SI Unit ; metre
scientific notation
20 cm = 20 x 10 -2 = 2.0 x 10 x 10 -2
= 2.0 x 10 -1 m
sub- multiple prefix
answer written in
scientific notation
a. 100
b. 1 560
c. 3 333 666
d. 0.00 000 000346
Answers :
a. 1.0 x 10 2
b. 1.56 x 10 3
c. 3.333666 x 10 6
d. 3.46 x 10 -9
QUESTION 2
Convert to SI Unit :
a. 7 300 nm
b. 0.004 72 mA
c. 20 g
scientific notation
a. 7 300 nm = 7.3 x 10 3 x 10 9
scientific notation
= 7.3 x 10 -6 m
Convert to SI Unit :
cases for mass are
c. 20 g different from the
other quantities
Answers :
c. 20 g = 20 x ( 1 / 10 3 ) ( gram to kilogram )
= 20 x 10 -3
= 2 x 10 x 10 -3
= 2 x 10 -2
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
b. 10 cm3
c. 20 g/cm3
d. 200 kmj-1
Answers :
sub-multiple prefix
a. 10 cm2 = 10 x ( 1 cm ) x ( 1 cm )
= 10 x ( 10 -2 ) x ( 10 -2 )
= 10 x ( 10 -2 ) 2
= 10 x ( 10 -4 )
= 1 x ( 10 -3 ) m2
UNDERSTANDING
SCALAR AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
SCALAR VECTOR
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
Quantities that have Quantities that have
magnitude only. magnitude and
direction
SITUATION 1 A car moves from point A to point B.
A B Distance
scalar quantity
2 km
B A C
50 m
20 m
Distance, d = 3 + 4 =7m
Displacement,s
= (3 2 + 4 2 )
4m = ( 9 + 16 )
= 25
= 5m
reference point 3m
TO FIND THE DIRECTION
final point
N
HYPOTHENUSE
E
4m OPPOSITE
reference point 3m ADJACENT
cos
= (adjacent / hypotenuse)
reference point 3m ADJACENT sin
OPPOSITE the side which facing the = (opposite / hypotenuse)
angle
cos
ADJACENT the side which situated near = (opposite / adjacent)
or close to the angle
0
main scale
1
cm
0 10
object
Slide the vernier scale along the main scale until the
object is held firmly between the jaws of the caliper
2 2.1 cm 3 main
cm scale
0 vernier scale 10
5 6 main scale
cm
0 vernier scale 10
0 main scale 1
cm
0 vernier scale 10
3 divisions = 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 cm
0 main scale 1
0
-10 -5 vernier scale 10
0
- 6 divisions = - 6 x 0.01
= - 0.06 cm
main scale
10.5 mm
0 5 10 40 34 divisions
= 34 x 0.01 scale
Thimble
35 = 0.34 mm
main scale 30
0
5
5 0
0
0
3 divisions = 3 x 0.01
= 0.03 mm
0
0 0 45
-5
45
0
-2 divisions = - 2 x 0.01
= - 0.02 mm
..\LINK FILES\ACCIDENT.EXE
manipulated variable : a
SCIENTIFIC METHOD primary variable which
causes other secondary
OBSERVATIONS SKILLS
variables to change
responding variable : a
secondary variable which
MAKING INFERENCES SKILLS
changes in response to
the change in the
a conclusion from an manipulated variable
observation and event
Manipulated variables :
physical quantities which you control and change
Responding variables :
physical quantities which are the result of the changes
made to the manipulated variables
Constant variables :
physical quantities which are kept constant during the
experiment
ANALYSING
Data Collection
Tabulating Data
Tabulating Data
The row at the top must contain the name of the variable,
symbol, and unit of measurement
Manipulated
variables .
Values in ascending or descending order
Responding
Obtained from measurements
variables .
Scale of graphs
filling 2/3 of the graph paper
use an even scale
should start from the origin (0,0)
Plotting
mark with a small cross
draw a straight line or a smooth curve
number of point above and below are approximately equal.
ANALYSING GRAPHS
TYPE OF GRAPH
Linear graph
Curve graph
Line that passes through most of the points plotted such as that
it balanced by the number of points above and below the straight
line
ANALYSING GRAPHS
X
SIZE PLOTTING
0 l ( cm )
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the gradient, m
T 2 ( s2 )
Draw a triangle X
with at least 3
X
points on the
X y
gradient ( not
less than half the X
size of the graph
drawn ) X
x
The gradient, m
0 l ( cm )
= y / x
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find values from the graph
T 2 ( s2 )
From point 75
X cm, draw a
vertical line to
T2 X
the graph drawn
T2 = a X
T = a X
Draw a horizontal
X
line towards the
y-axis
0 75 cm l ( cm )
Find a value for the period, T when the length of the pendulum is 75 cm
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the y- intercept, c
y
X
X
X
X
c
0 x
y
X
X
X
X
c
y = mx + c
0 x
y = variable on y-axis
x = variable on x-axis
m = gradient
c = y- intercept
ANALYSING GRAPHS Give the equation of the graph
T 2 ( s2 )
X
X
X
X
X
0 l ( cm )
From y = mx + c
T2 = ml + c
T2 = ( )l
ANALYSING GRAPHS Relationship between the variables
y y Gradient is
y
negative
0 x 0 x 0 x
y is directly y is linearly y decrease as x
proportional to x proportional to x increase
yx
ANALYSING GRAPHS To find the gradient, m
The gradient of the curve is not a constant
T( s)
l ( cm )
ANALYSING GRAPHS Relationship between the variables
T( s)
l ( cm )
y is inversely proportional to x