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Lesson 6
Lesson 6
A E
SUB-ALTERNATION
CONTRARIETY
SUB-ALTERNATION
CONTRADICTION
I SUB-CONTRARIETY O
Four Oppositional Relations
If I is false, A is false
If O is false, E is false
Rule 2b. The falsity of the universal does not
necessarily involve the falsity of the
particular.
Ex. A- All birds are flying animals. False
I- Some birds are flying animals. doubtful
E-No men are educated persons. False
O- Some men not educated persons. doubtful
If A is false, I is undetermined/doubtful
If E is false, O is undetermined/doubtful
3. The Rules on Contrariety
Rule 1. contraries cannot be true at the same
time.
Ex. A- All men are finite beings. True
E- No men are finite beings. False
If A is false, E is doubtful
If E is false, A is doubtful
4. The Rules on Sub-contrariety
Rule 1. sub-contraries cannot be
false at the same time.
If I is false, O is true
If O is false, I is true
Rule 2. sub-contraries may be true at the
same time.
If I is true, O is doubtful
If O is true, I is doubtful
Application of all the
rules:
Given: (A) All students are persons.
True
Opposites Oppositional Trut
Relations h-
Valu
es
E No Students are Contraries Fals
persons. e
I Some Students are Sub- True
persons. alternates
Some Students are not Contradicto Fals
Given: (E) No trees are plants. False