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    bertha tandi
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    Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They range in size from microscopic to giant kelp that are over 70 meters long. Algae contain chlorophyll and other pigments that allow them to photosynthesize. Unlike plants, algae do not have true roots, stems, or leaves, and their plant body is not differentiated. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through cell division or fragmentation. Algae play an important ecological role by producing oxygen and forming the base of the food web. They are also economically important as a source of food, hydrocolloids, and fertilizer.

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    MicroAlgae Group III

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    Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They range in size from microscopic to giant kelp that are over 70 meters long. Algae contain chlorophyll and other pigments that allow them to photosynthesize. Unlike plants, algae do not have true roots, stems, or leaves, and their plant body is not differentiated. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through cell division or fragmentation. Algae play an important ecological role by producing oxygen and forming the base of the food web. They are also economically important as a source of food, hydrocolloids, and fertilizer.

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    137 views36 pages

    MicroAlgae Group III

    Uploaded by

    bertha tandi
    Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They range in size from microscopic to giant kelp that are over 70 meters long. Algae contain chlorophyll and other pigments that allow them to photosynthesize. Unlike plants, algae do not have true roots, stems, or leaves, and their plant body is not differentiated. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through cell division or fragmentation. Algae play an important ecological role by producing oxygen and forming the base of the food web. They are also economically important as a source of food, hydrocolloids, and fertilizer.

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    of 36

    ALGAE

    Cyanobacteria
    Plant-like
    Protists

    Multicellular Protist or Primitive


    Aquatic Plant?
    What is algae?
    Algae is a group of chlorophyll
    containing thalloid plants which bear
    unicellular or multicellular. An
    undifferentiated plant body is known
    as thallus. In thalloid plants, there is
    no differentiation of plant body into
    true roots, stem and leaves.
    The study of algae is known as
    PHYCOLOGY
    General characters of algae
    Vary in size from
    nanoplankton (< 2 m
    cyanobacteria ) to Giant kelps
    (> 70 m long). Possess a cell
    wall.

    Contain pigments
    chlorophylls a, and many
    often have another
    chlorophyll, like b, c, or d
    and accessory red, blue
    and brown photosynthetic
    pigments
    General characters of algae

    Thalloid plant body


    In Eichlers system of classification,
    algae are placed in the Division
    Thallophyta along with Fungi and
    Lichens.
    Algae are autotrophs (synthesize food
    using light energy)
    Algae differ from fungi in:
    . Presence of photosynthetic
    pigment chlorophyll
    . Mode of nutrition (autotrophs)
    Majority of algae are in aquatic habitat
    (fresh water or marine), some algae are
    terrestrial also
    Algae are present in all parts of the
    world including Arctic and Antarctic
    regions (universal occurrence)
    Sex organs are unicellular or
    multicellular
    Algae - What are they?
    Primitive plants
    No true roots, only attachment
    structures (Holdfasts)
    Produce spores (not seeds)
    motile or non-motile
    Most have sexual and asexual
    reproduction
    Non-vascular, do not possess
    an internal transport system.
    Algae vs. REAL
    plants
    Similarities and differences:
    Both are photoautotrophic
    Similar metabolic functions to higher
    plants eg. photosynthesis
    different anatomical structures,
    reproductive structures.
    different reproduction.
    No true roots, stems and leaves.
    Non-vascular, therefore nutrient
    uptake over surface. And wastes
    washed away from surface by
    aquatic environment
    Reproduction in algae:
    Algae reproduce by three methods:
    (1). Vegetative reproduction: Cell division, fission,
    fragmentation, Hormogonia, formation of adventitious
    branches, tubers, buddings etc. are the important
    vegetative reproduction methods in algae.
    (2). Asexual reproduction: By a variety of motile or
    non-motile spores. Zoospore, aplanospore,
    hypnospore, tetraspore, autospore, akinetes etc are
    the important spore types in algae
    (3). Sexual reproduction: here the union of gametes
    are involved: Autogamy, hologamy, isogamy,
    anisogamy and oogamy are the different types of
    sexual reproduction algae.
    Life cycle in algae:
    There are three types of life cycles in algae based on the
    number of haploid and diploid generation
    (1). Haplontic: simple type, major stages in the life cycle are
    haploid, the diploid stage is represented by only the zygote. Zygote
    undergo meiosis to produce spores (Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix)
    (2). Diplontic: Just reverse of the haplontic type. Major stages in
    the life cycle are diploid, the haploid stages are represented only by
    gametes. (Sargassum, Codium)
    (3). Diplobiontic: Three phases in life cycle, two are diploid and
    one is haploid. Majority of marine Red algae are this type
    (Polysiphonia)
    Haplontik

    Alga Gamet
    (n) (n)
    Kopulasi 2
    gamet

    Spora Zigot
    (n) (2n)
    Meiosis 13
    Diplontik
    Meiosis

    Alga Gamet
    (2n) (n)

    Kopulasi 2
    Mitosis gamet
    Zigot
    (2n)
    14
    Diplobion

    Alga Gamet
    (n) (n)
    Kopulasi 2
    gamet

    Spora Zigot
    (n) (2n)

    Meiosis Alga
    (2n)
    15
    holdfast
    PIGMENTION OF ALGAE
    Pigments in algae belongs to three major categories:
    (1). Chlorophylls
    (2). Carotenoids
    (3). Phycobilins

    All major algal groups have at least one characteristic pigment


    Cyanophyceae (blue green algae): Phycocyanin
    Chlorophyceae (green algae): Chlorophyll b
    Pheophyceae (brown algae): Fucoxanthin
    Rhodophyceae (red algae): Phycoerythrin
    Chlorophyll a is universally present in all algal grous
    Major Classes of Algae
    (algal systematics)
    (1). Cyanophyta : Blue green algae (BGA), prokaryotes,
    Marine, FW and terrestrial
    (2). Euglenophyta : Motile, protozoan like algae lack true cell
    wall, Marine
    (3). Crysophyta : Golden-brown algae = diatoms, Marine
    (4). Pyrrophyta : Dinoflagellates, Marine
    (5). Chlorphyta : Green algae Marine, and terrestrial
    (6). Rhodophyta : Red algae
    (7). Paeophyta : Brown algae
    The role of these pigments is to absorb light

    - In water the problem is that red and violet wavelengths do not


    penetrate the vertical column very well. So Chlorophylls do not
    work well at greater depths. Algae that inhabit greater depths do so
    with the help of accessory pigments, these algae take on a variety of
    colours.
    -Chlorophyta Contain
    Chlorophyll a + b. So green
    wavelengths reflect. They store
    their products of photosynthesis
    as starch.
    - Phaeophyta Contain
    Chlorophylls a + c as well as an
    accessory pigment Fucoxanthin.
    So yellow and brown
    wavelengths reflect. Store food
    as starch and as oil.
    Rhodophyta - Contain
    Chlorophyll a + (d) as well as
    accessory pigment Phycobillins.
    These phycobillins are
    specialized for absorbing blue
    light, which allows them to
    inhabit the deepest depths.
    Where do Algae live?

    Marine habitats:
    seaweeds, phytoplankton

    Freshwater habitats:
    streams, rivers, lakes
    and ponds

    Terrestrial habitats:
    stone walls, tree bark,
    leaves, in lichens, on
    snow
    Marine Biomes
    Freshwater habitats
    Terrestrial habitats
    Algal construction types : Morphology
    1. Unicellular algae
    2. Colonies
    3. Filaments
    4. Multicellular
    Unicellular algae
    Microalgae - some may form colonies
    Algal colonies
    e.g. Chlorophyta: Volvox (Ordo: Volvocales)
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8O4OolGcPg
    - 500-5000 cells per colony.
    - Colonies spherical up to 1.5 mm diameter.
    - Individual cells surrounded by a mucilaginous sphere
    - marine and freshwater
    Volvox colony
    Filamentous algae
    Unbranched filaments

    Branched filaments
    Different branches can have different
    morphologies:
    MULTICELLULAR - Macroscopic
    Why are ALGAE important?
    Ecological importance of algae
    a) Production of Oxygen as by-
    product of photosynthesis:
    All aerobic heterotrophic
    organisms require O2,
    e.g. fungi and animals need O2, to
    run cellular respiration to stay alive

    b) Production of biomass:
    autotrophic organisms
    - represent the base of the food
    chain/web,
    particularly in aquatic
    environments.
    Cyanobacterial bloom
    Extreme halophytes
    Uses of Seaweeds

    Present
    Food
    Hydrocolloids and some
    chemical substances
    Fertilizers
    Potential
    Source of
    energy/compost by
    digestion
    Waste-water treatment
    Algae as human food
    Main market and production area is Asia
    Mariculture has become very important
    Main high-value species are Nori, Kombu and
    Wakame (Porphyra, Laminaria and Undaria)
    Mainly used as a subsidiary food: adding relish, taste
    and 'feel' to food
    European and North American market presently very
    small but has potential
    Thank You

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