Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
Slide 4.1.3
Improved exclusive breast-milk feeds while in the birth hospital
after implementing
the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative
40%
33.50%
35%
Percentage 30%
25%
20%
15%
10% 5.50%
5%
0%
1995 Hospital with minimal 1999 Hospital designated as
lactation support Baby friendly
Adapted from: Philipp BL, Merewood A, Miller LW et al. Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative improves
breastfeeding initiation rates in a US hospital setting. Pediatrics, 2001, 108:677-681.
Slide 4.1.5
Antenatal education should include:
Benefits of breastfeeding Basic facts on HIV
Early initiation Prevention of mother-to-child
transmission of HIV
Importance of rooming-in (if
new concept) Voluntary testing and
counselling for HIV and infant
Mechanisms of lactation and feeding counselling for HIV+
suckling women
Importance of feeding on How to assess a breastfeed
demand
How to resolve breastfeeding
Importance of exclusive difficulties
breastfeeding
Focus on changing negative
How to assure enough attitudes which set up barriers
breastmilk
Risks of artificial feeding and
use of bottles and pacifiers
(soothers, teats, nipples, etc.)
Slide 4.3.2
Effect of breastfeeding training
for hospital staff on exclusive breastfeeding rates at hospital
discharge
Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates at Hospital Discharge
90%
77%
80%
70%
Percentage
60%
50% 41%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pre-training, 1996 Post-training, 1998
Adapted from: Cattaneo A, Buzzetti R. Effect on rates of breast feeding of training for the Baby
Friendly Hospital Initiative. BMJ, 2001, 323:1358-1362.
Slide 4.2.4
Breastfeeding counselling
increases exclusive breastfeeding
Age: 3 months 4 months 2 weeks after
100 diarrhoea treatment
40
20 12.7
6
0
Brazil '98 Sri Lanka '99 Bangladesh '96
(Albernaz) (Jayathilaka) (Haider)
All differences between intervention and control groups are significant at p<0.001.
From: CAH/WHO based on studies by Albernaz, Jayathilaka and Haider.
Slide 4.2.5
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.3.1
Advantages of Breast Feeding
11/1/2017 14
Types of Milk
50 43
Percentage
40
30 27
18
20
10
0
Colostrum BF < 2 h
Adapted from: Nielsen B, Hedegaard M, Thilsted S, Joseph A, Liljestrand J. Does antenatal care
influence postpartum health behaviour? Evidence from a community based cross-sectional study in
rural Tamil Nadu, South India. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1998, 105:697-703.
Slide 4.3.3
Step 3: Meta-analysis of studies
of antenatal education
and its effects on breastfeeding
50%
39%
40%
Initiation
(8 studies)
Percentage
30%
23% Short-term BF
(10 studies)
20%
Long-term BF
(7 studies)
10%
4%
0%
Increase in selected behaviours
Adapted from: Guise et al. The effectiveness of primary care-based interventions to
promote breastfeeding: Systematic evidence review and meta-analysis Annals of
Family Medicine, 2003, 1(2):70-78.
Slide 4.3.4
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.4.1
revised BFHI Global Criteria (2006) stated that helping mother to
breastfeed mean:
Slide 4.4.2
Early initiation of breastfeeding
for the normal newborn
Why?
Increases duration of breastfeeding
Allows skin-to-skin contact for warmth and
colonization of baby with maternal organisms
Provides colostrum as the babys first
immunization
Takes advantage of the first hour of alertness
Babies learn to suckle more effectively
Improved developmental outcomes
Slide 4.4.3
Early initiation of breastfeeding
for the normal newborn
How?
Slide 4.4.4
Slide 4g
Slide 4h
Slide 4i
Slide 4j
Impact on breastfeeding duration
of early infant-mother contact
70%
30% 26%
20%
10%
0%
Early contact (n=21) Control (n=19)
Adapted from: DeChateau P, Wiberg B. Long term effect on mother-infant behavior of extra
contact during the first hour postpartum. Acta Peadiatr, 1977, 66:145-151.
Slide 4.4.5
Temperatures after birth in infants
kept either skin-to-skin with mother or in cot
Adapted from: Christensson K et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy
full-term newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot. Acta Paediatr, 1992, 81:490.
Slide 4.4.6
Protein composition of human colostrum
and mature breast milk (per litre)
Constituent Measure Colostrum Mature Milk
(1-5 days) (>30 days)
Total protein G 23 9-10.5
Casein mg 1400 1870
-Lactalbumin mg 2180 1610
Lactoferrin mg 3300 1670
IgA mg 3640 1420
From: Worthington-Roberts B, Williams SR. Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation, 5th ed. St. Louis,
MO, Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, p. 350, 1993.
Slide 4.4.7
Effect of delivery room practices
on early breastfeeding
Successful sucking pattern
70%
60%
Percentage 50% 63%
P<0.001
40%
30%
20%
21%
10%
P<0.001
0%
Continuous contact Separation for procedures
n=38 n=34
Adapted from: Righard L, Alade O. Effect of delivery room routines on success of first
breastfeed .Lancet, 1990, 336:1105-1107.
Slide 4.4.8
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.5.1
Contrary to popular belief,
attaching the baby on the breast
is not an ability with which a mother is
[born]; rather it is a learned skill
which she must acquire by
observation and experience.
From: Woolridge M. The anatomy of infant sucking. Midwifery, 1986, 2:164-171.
Slide 4.5.2
Breast Feeding Techniques
And Positions
35
Successful lactation is determined by early
initiation of breastfeeding and continuation of
lactation and again that is determined by
positioning.
36
Factors Influencing Breast Feeding
Position
Factors
Attitude
of the
Mother
37
Bringing hands to mouth
Rooting
Suckling
Licking
Nuzzling
Lip smacking
38
Preparation
Wash hands
Position comfortably and correctly use pillows or towels for support.
Uncover the breast.
39
Side-lying Position
40
When side-lying position
Cesarean birth
Uncomfortable sitting
41
The football Position
42
When Football hold
Cesarean birth
To see the latch on position
Large breast
Small baby
Infant is sleepy
43
The cradle position
44
The Cross cradle Position
45
When Cross Cradle
To learn Latching
To maintain comfortness of the mother
46
Various other positions to feed twins
47
48
49
50
Latch on
51
Step 1
52
Step 2
11/1/2017 53
Step 3
11/1/2017 54
Step 3
11/1/2017 55
Step 4
11/1/2017 56
57
58
How to find poor attachment
59
Process of Nursing
Sucks
Swallow
Pause
60
Cuddle and fiddle with the baby by stroking and
tickling behind his or her ears or on the soles so that
infant does not lapse into sleep without adequate
feeds.
11/1/2017 61
De latching
62
Burping
63
Burping and de latching
11/1/2017 64
Importance of good Position and Attachment
65
Sign of successful Breast feeding
One or two wet diapers during the first few days.
Six to eight wet cloth diapers (5 - 6 wet disposable
diapers) per
day (24 hours).
At least two to five bowel movements every 24
hours.
6 - 10 feedings per24-hours.
Babys swallowing sounds are audible.
Gain at least 120 210 g per week after the fourth
day of life.
Appear healthy, have good colour, firm skin, and
will be growing in length and head circumference.
Sound sleep followed by feed.
66
If breastfeed baby presenting with no bowel
movement:
Discontinue the iron formula, it may be
constipating.
Give 1 tsp of mineral oil per day until he goes.
Give a suppository each day until he goes.
Add cereal to the bottle to help his bowels and to
sleep.
Dilute the formula to give more water.
Give 1 oz apple juice per day until he goes.
Do nothing, breast fed infants may not have a
bowel movement for up to 7 days.
Effect of proper attachment
on duration of breastfeeding
Correct sucking technique at discharge
100% Incorrect sucking technique at discharge
Percentage
50%
0%
5 days 1 month 2 months 3 months 4 months
exclusive
breastfeeding Any breastfeeding
Adapted from: Righard L, Alade O. (1992) Sucking technique and its effect on success of
breastfeeding. Birth 19(4):185-189.
Slide 4.5.3
Step 5: Effect of health provider encouragement of
breastfeeding in the hospital
on breastfeeding initiation rates
80% 74.6%
70%
60%
Percentage
50% 43.2%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Encouraged to breastfeed Not encouraged to
breastfeed
Adapted from: Lu M, Lange L, Slusser W et al. Provider encouragement of breast-feeding: Evidence
from a national survey. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2001, 97:290-295.
Slide 4.5.4
Supply and demand
Slide 4.5.6
Slide 4m
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.6.1
Slide 4n
Slide 4o
The perfect match:
quantity of colostrum per feed
and the newborn stomach capacity
Adapted from: Pipes PL. Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood, Fourth Edition. St. Louis, Times
Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, 1989.
Slide 4.6.3
Impact of routine formula supplementation
Slide 4.6.4
Medically indicated
There are rare exceptions during
which the infant may require other
fluids or food in addition to, or in place
of, breast milk. The feeding
programme of these babies should be
determined by qualified health
professionals on an individual basis.
Slide 4.6.7
Acceptable medical reasons for supplementation or replacement
Infant conditions:
Infants who cannot be BF but can receive BM include those
who are very weak, have sucking difficulties or oral
abnormalities or are separated from their mothers.
Infants who may need other nutrition in addition to BM
include very low birth weight or preterm infants, infants at
risk of hypoglycaemia, or those who are dehydrated or
malnourished, when BM alone is not enough.
Infants with galactosemia should not receive BM or the usual
BMS. They will need a galactose free formula.
Infants with phenylketonuria may be BF and receive some
phenylalanine free formula.
UNICEF, revised BFHI course and assessment tools, 2006 Slide 4.6.8
Maternal conditions:
BF should stop during therapy if a mother is taking anti-
metabolites, radioactive iodine, or some anti-thyroid
medications.
Some medications may cause drowsiness or other side effects
in infants and should be substituted during BF.
BF remains the feeding choice for the majority of infants even
with tobacco, alcohol and drug use. If the mother is an
intravenous drug user BF is not indicated.
Avoidance of all BF by HIV+ mothers is recommended when
replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable,
sustainable and safe. Otherwise EBF is recommended during
the first months, with BF discontinued when conditions are
met. Mixed feeding is not recommended.
Slide 4.6.9
Maternal conditions (continued):
Slide 4.6.10
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.7.1
Rooming-in
A hospital arrangement where a
mother/baby pair stay in the same room
day and night, allowing unlimited
contact between mother and infant
Slide 4.7.2
Slide 4p
Slide 4q
Rooming-in
Why?
Reduces costs
Requires minimal equipment
Requires no additional personnel
Reduces infection
Helps establish and maintain breastfeeding
Facilitates the bonding process
Slide 4.7.3
Effect of rooming-in on frequency
of breastfeeding per 24 hours
Encourage breastfeeding
on demand.
Slide 4.8.1
Breastfeeding on demand:
Breastfeeding whenever the baby or
mother wants, with no restrictions on
the length or frequency of feeds.
Slide 4.8.2
On demand, unrestricted breastfeeding
Why?
From: Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Breast-feeding frequency during the first 24 hours after birth in full-
term neonates. Pediatrics, 1990, 86(2):171-175.
Slide 4.8.3
Slide 4r
Slide 4s
Breastfeeding frequency during the first 24 hours after birth and
incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia (jaundice) on day 6
30% 28.1%
24.5%
20%
Incidence
15.2%
11.8%
10%
9 12 5 2 0
32 49 33 17 9
0.0%
0%
0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-11
Frequency of breastfeeding/24 hours
From: Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I. Breast-feeding frequency during the first 24 hours after birth
in full-term neonates. Pediatrics, 1990, 86(2):171-175.
Slide 4.8.4
Mean feeding frequency during the
first 3 days of life and serum bilirubin
12 10.7
Slide 4.8.5
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.9.1
Slide 4t
Slide 4u
Alternatives to artificial teats
cup
spoon
dropper
Syringe
Slide 4.9.2
Cup-feeding a baby
Slide 4.9.3
Slide 4v
Proportion of infants who were breastfed up to 6 months
of age according to frequency of pacifier use at 1 month
Non-users vs part-
time users:
P<<0.001
Non-users vs. full-
time users:
P<0.001
From: Victora CG et al. Pacifier use and short breastfeeding duration: cause, consequence or
coincidence? Pediatrics, 1997, 99:445-453.
Slide 4.9.4
steps to successful
breastfeeding
Slide 4.10.1
The key to best breastfeeding
practices is continued day-to-day
support for the breastfeeding
mother within her home and
community.
From: Saadeh RJ, editor. Breast-feeding: the Technical Basis and Recommendations for
Action. Geneva, World Health Organization, pp.:62-74, 1993.
Slide 4.10.2
Support can include:
Early postnatal or clinic Mother support groups
checkup Help set up new groups
Home visits Establish working
relationships with
Telephone calls those already in
Community services existence
Outpatient Family support system
breastfeeding clinics
Peer counselling
programmes
Slide 4.10.3
Types of breastfeeding mothers support groups
extended family
Traditional culturally defined doulas
village women
Modern, non-traditional
by mothers
Self-initiated
by concerned health professionals
Government planned through:
From: Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. The role of the support group in promoting breastfeeding in developing
countries. J Trop Pediatr, 1983, 29:244.
Slide 4.10.4
Slide 4w
Slide 4x
Step 10: Effect of trained peer counsellors on the
duration of exclusive breastfeeding
80%
70%
70%
60%
Percentage 50%
Exclusively
40% breastfeeding 5
30% month old infants
20%
10% 6%
0%
Project Area Control
Adapted from: Haider R, Kabir I, Huttly S, Ashworth A. Training peer counselors to promote and
support exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh. J Hum Lact, 2002;18(1):7-12.
Slide 4.10.5
Home visits improve
exclusive breastfeeding
90%
80%
Exclusive reastfeeding
80%
70%
67% Six-visit group
62%
60% Three-visit group
50%
(%) 50% Control group
40%
30% 24%
20% 12%
10%
0%
2 weeks 3 months
Infant's age
From: Morrow A, Guerrereo ML, Shultis J, et al. Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to
promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 1999, 353:1226-31
Slide 4.10.6
Effect of baby-friendly changes
on breastfeeding at 3 & 6 months
50%
Experimental Group n = 8865
43.3%
Control Group n = 8181
Percentage 40%
30%
20%
10% 7.9%
6.4%
0.6%
0%
Exclusive BF 3 months Exclusive BF 6 months
Slide 4.11.3
Impact of baby-friendly changes
on selected health conditions
25% Experimental Group n=8865
Control Group n=8181
20%
10% 9.1%
6.3%
5% 3.3%
0%
Gastro-intestinal tract infections Atopic eczema
Note: Differences between experimental and control groups for various respiratory
tract infections were small and statistically non-significant.
Slide 4.11.4
Additional topics for BFHI training in the
context of HIV
Train all staff in:
Basic facts on HIV and on Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission (PMTCT)
Voluntary testing and counselling (VCT) for HIV
Locally appropriate replacement feeding options
How to counsel HIV + women on risks and benefits of
various feeding options and how to make informed choices
How to teach mothers to prepare and give feeds
How to maintain privacy and confidentiality
How to minimize the spill over effect (leading mothers
who are HIV - or of unknown status to choose replacement
feeding when breastfeeding has less risk)
Slide 4.2.3