• Section 2

Microprocessors course
Dr. S.O.Fatemi

By: Mahdi Hassanpour

1
 Contents:

I/O Programming; Bit Manipulation

Time delay Generation and
calculation
Timer/Counter Programming
-Timers
- Counters
Interrupts Programming
Serial Communication

2
 I/O Programming; Bit Manipulation

• To toggle every bit of P1 continuously, 3 ways exists:

• Way 1: Send data to Port 1 through ACC ：
BACK: MOV A,#55H ;A=01010101B
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
MOV A,#0AAH ;A=10101010B
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
• Way 2: Access Port 1 directly ：
BACK: MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101B
ACALL DELAY
MOV P1,#0AAH ;P1=10101010B
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
• Read-modify-write feature ：
MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101B
AGAIN: XRL P1,#0FFH
ACALL DELAY
SJMP AGAIN

– The instruction XRL P1,#0FFH do EX-OR P1 and FFH （ That is, to toggle P1. ）

3
 Bit Manipulation

• Sometimes we need to access only 1 or 2 bits of the port instead of the entire 8 bits.
• This table shows how to name each pin for each I/O port. 
• Example:

Write a program to perform the following.

(a) Keep monitoring the P1.2 bit until it becomes high,
(b) When P1.2 becomes high, write value 45H to port 0, and
(c) Send a high-to-low (H-to-L) pulse to P2.3.

Solution:
SETB P1.2 ;make P1.2 an input
MOV A,#45H ;A=45H
AGAIN:JNB P1.2,AGAIN;get out when P.2=1
MOV P0,A ;issue A to P0
SETB P2.3 ;make P2.3 high
CLR P2.3 ;make P2.3 low for H-to-L
Note ：
1. JNB: jump if no bit （ jump if P1.2 = 0 ）
2. a H-to-L pulse by the sequence of instructions SETB and CLR.

4
Single-Bit Addressability of Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3 Port Bit
P0.0 P1.0 P2.0 P3.0 D0
P0.1 P1.1 P2.1 P3.1 D1
P0.2 P1.2 P2.2 P3.2 D2
P0.3 P1.3 P2.3 P3.3 D3
P0.4 P1.4 P2.4 P3.4 D4
P0.5 P1.5 P2.5 P3.5 D5
P0.6 P1.6 P2.6 P3.6 D6
P0.7 P1.7 P2.7 P3.7 D7

 5
 Time delay Generation and calculation

• Machine cycle

• For the CPU to execute an instruction takes a certain number of block

cycles. In the 8051 family, these clock cycles are referred to as machine
cycles.

• The frequency of the crystal connected to the 8051 family ca vary from
4MHz to 30 MHz, depending on the chip rating and manufacturer. Very
often the 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the 8051-based
system compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC.

• In the 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods.

6
7
Example:
Find the time delay for the following subroutine, assuming a crystal
frequency of 11.0592 MHz

DELAY: MOV R3,#250 ; 1 MC

HERE: NOP ; 1 MC
NOP ; 1 MC
NOP ; 1 MC
NOP ; 1 MC
DJNZ R3,HERE ; 2 MC
RET ; 1 MC

Solution:
250x(1+1+1+1+2)+2x1.085 us=1627.5 us

8
 Timers /Counters Programming
• The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: timer/counter 0 and
timer/counter 1. They can be used as
1. The timer is used as a time delay generator.
– The clock source is the internal crystal frequency of the
8051.
2. An event counter.
– External input from input pin to count the number of
events on registers.
– These clock pulses cold represent the number of people
passing through an entrance, or the number of wheel
rotations, or any other event that can be converted to pulses.
9
 Timer

• Set the initial value of registers

• Start the timer and then the 8051 counts up.
• Input from internal system clock (machine cycle)
• When the registers equal to 0 and the 8051 sets a
bit to denote time out 8051

P2 P1 to
Set LCD
Timer 0 TH0

TL0

10
 Counter

• Count the number of events

– Show the number of events on registers
– External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0
– External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1
– External input from Tx input pin.
8051
– We use Tx to denote T0 or T1.
TH0
P1 to
TL0
LCD
P3.4
a switch T0
11
 Registers Used in Timer/Counter

• TH0, TL0, TH1, TL1

• TMOD (Timer mode register)
• TCON (Timer control register)
• You can see Appendix H (pages 413-415) for details.
• Since 8052 has 3 timers/counters, the formats of these
control registers are different.
– T2CON (Timer 2 control register), TH2 and TL2 used for
8052 only.

12
 Basic Registers of the Timer

• Both timer 0 and timer 1 are 16 bits wide.

– These registers stores
• the time delay as a timer
• the number of events as a counter
– Timer 0: TH0 & TL0
• Timer 0 high byte, timer 0 low byte
– Timer 1: TH1 & TL1
• Timer 1 high byte, timer 1 low byte
– Each 16-bit timer can be accessed as two separate registers
of low byte and high byte.

13
 Timer Registers

TH0 TL0

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 0

TH1 TL1

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Timer 1
14
 TMOD Register

• Timer mode register: TMOD

MOV TMOD,#21H
– An 8-bit register
– Set the usage mode for two timers
• Set lower 4 bits for Timer 0 (Set to 0000 if not used)
• Set upper 4 bits for Timer 1 (Set to 0000 if not used)
– Not bit-addressable

(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0
15
 Figure 9-3. TMOD Register

GATE Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only

while the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is set.
When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx
control bit is set.
C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation
(input from internal system clock). Set for counter
operation (input from Tx input pin).
M1 Mode bit 1
M0 Mode bit 0
(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0 16
 C/T (Clock/Timer)

• This bit is used to decide whether the timer is used as

a delay generator or an event counter.
• C/T = 0 : timer
• C/T = 1 : counter

17
 Gate

• Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping.

– GATE=0
• Internal control
• The start and stop of the timer are controlled by way of software.
• Set/clear the TR for start/stop timer.
– GATE=1
• External control
• The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by software
and an external source.
• Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT pin is high and the TR
control pin is set (TR).

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 M1, M0
• M0 and M1 select the timer mode for timers 0 & 1.

M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode

0 0 0 13-bit timer mode
8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1)
0 1 1 16-bit timer mode
8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx
1 0 2 8-bit auto reload
8-bit auto reload timer/counter;
THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into
TLx each time it overflows.
1 1 3 Split timer mode 19
 Example 9-3

Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,

use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start
and stop the timer.
Solution:
timer 1 timer 0

TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.

Timer 0, mode 2,
C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer)
gate = 0 to use internal (software)
start and stop method.
20
 TCON Register (1/2)

• Timer control register: TMOD

– Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts
• TR (run control bit)
– TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1.
– TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.
• TR=0: off (stop)
• TR=1: on (start)

(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt
21
 TCON Register (2/2)

• TF (timer flag, control flag)

– TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1.
– TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over
to 0000 from FFFFH, the TF is set to 1.
• TF=0 : not reach
• TF=1: reach
• If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.

(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt
22
 Equivalent Instructions for the Timer
Control Register
For timer 0
SETB TR0 = SETB TCON.4
CLR TR0 = CLR TCON.4

SETB TF0 = SETB TCON.5

CLR TF0 = CLR TCON.5
For timer 1
SETB TR1 = SETB TCON.6
CLR TR1 = CLR TCON.6

SETB TF1 = SETB TCON.7

CLR TF1 = CLR TCON.7

TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register

TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0 23
 Timer Mode 1

• In following, we all use timer 0 as an example.

• 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0)
• TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set
to 1. And the 8051 stops to increment TH0-TL0 when
TR0 is cleared.
• The timer works with the internal system clock. In other
words, the timer counts up each machine cycle.
• When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of
FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
• Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0.
24
 Steps of Mode 1 (1/3)

1. Chose mode 1 timer 0

– MOV TMOD,#01H
2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.
– MOV TH0,#FFH
– MOV TL0,#FCH
3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0.
– CLR TF0
4. Start the timer.
– SETB TR0

25
 Steps of Mode 1 (2/3)

5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-

TL0.
– TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H

TR0=1 TR0=0
Start timer TH0 TL0
Stop timer

FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 0000

TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 1

TF Monitor TF until TF=1

26
 Steps of Mode 1 (3/3)

6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the

8051 set TF0=1.
– TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)
7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised.
– AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
– CLR TR0
9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.
– CLR TF0

27
 Mode 1 Programming

XTAL
oscillator 12 ÷

C/T = 0

TH TL TF

overflow
TF goes high
TR flag
when FFFF 0

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 Timer Delay Calculation for XTAL =
11.0592 MHz

(a) in hex (b) in decimal

(FFFF – YYXX + 1) × Convert YYXX values of the TH,

1.085 s where YYXX are TL register to
TH, TL initial values decimal to get a NNNNN
respectively. decimal number, then
Notice that values YYXX are in hex. (65536 – NNNNN) × 1.085 s

29
 Example 9-4 (1/3)
In the following program, we are creating a square wave of 50%
duty cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.5 bit.
Timer 0 is used to generate the time delay.
Analyze the program.

;each loop is a half clock

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit)
HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;Timer value = FFF2H
MOV TH0,#0FFH
P1.5
CPL P1.5
ACALL DELAY 50% 50%
SJMP HERE whole clock
30
 Example 9-4 (2/3)
;generate delay using timer 0
DELAY:
SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
RET

FFF2 FFF3 FFF4 FFFF 0000

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 1

31
 Example 9-4 (3/3)
Solution:
In the above program notice the following steps.
1. TMOD = 0000 0001 is loaded.
2. FFF2H is loaded into TH0 – TL0.
3. P1.5 is toggled for the high and low portions of the pulse.
4. The DELAY subroutine using the timer is called.
5. In the DELAY subroutine, timer 0 is started by the “SETB TR0”
instruction.
6. Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock, which is provided by the
crystal oscillator.
As the timer counts up, it goes through the states of FFF3, FFF4, FFF5, FFF6,
FFF7, FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, FFFC, FFFFD, FFFE, FFFFH. One more
clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer flag (TF0 = 1). At that point, the JNB
instruction falls through.
7. Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction “CLR TR0”. The DELAY subroutine
ends, and the process is repeated.

Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL and TH

registers, and start the timer again (in the main program).
32
 Example 9-9 (1/2)
The following program generates a square wave on pin P1.5
continuously using timer 1 for a time delay. Find the frequency of
the square wave if XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. In your calculation do
not include the overhead due to instructions in the loop.
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN:MOV TL1,#34H ;timer value=3476H
MOV TH1,#76H
SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P1.5 ;next half clock
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer1 33
 Example 9-9 (2/2)

Solution:
In mode 1, the program must reload the TH1, TL1 register every
timer if we want to have a continuous wave.
FFFFH – 7634H + 1 = 89CCH = 35276 clock count
Half period = 35276 × 1.085 s = 38.274 ms
Whole period = 2 × 38.274 ms = 76.548 ms
Frequency = 1/ 76.548 ms = 13.064 Hz.

Also notice that the high portion and low portion of the square
wave are equal.
In the above calculation, the overhead due to all the instructions in
the loop is not included. 34
 Find Timer Values

• Assume that we know the amount of timer delay and

XTAL = 11.0592 MHz .
• How to find the inter values needed for the TH, TL?
– Divide the desired time delay by 1.085 s.
– Perform 65536 –n, where n is the decimal value we got in
Step 1.
– Convert th result of Step 2 to hex, where yyxx is the initial
hex value to be loaded into the timer’s registers.
– Set TH = yy and TL = xx.
• Example 9-10

35
 Example 9-12 (1/2)

Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a

square wave of 50 Hz frequency on pin P2.3.

Solution:
Look at the following steps.
(a) The period of the square wave = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms.
(b) The high or low portion of the square wave = 10 ms.
(c) 10 ms / 1.085 s = 9216
65536 – 9216 = 56320 in decimal = DC00H in hex.
(d) TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.
36
 Example 9-12 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1

AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;Timer value = DC00H

MOV TH1,#0DCH
SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CPL P2.3
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer since
;mode 1 is not
;auto-reload
37
 Generate a Large Time Delay

• The size of the time delay depends on two factors:

– They crystal frequency
– The timer’s 16-bit register, TH & TL
• The largest time delay is achieved by making
TH=TL=0. What if that is not enough?
• Example 9-13 show how to achieve large time delay.

38
 Example 9-13
Examine the following program and find the time delay in seconds.
Exclude the overhead due to the instructions in the loop.
MOV TMOD,#10H
MOV R3,#200
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#08
MOV TH1,#01
SETB TR1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1
CLR TF1
DJNZ R3,AGAIN
Solution:
TH – TL = 0108H = 264 in decimal
65536 – 264 = 65272.
One of the timer delay = 65272 × 1.085 s = 70.820 ms
Total delay = 200 × 70.820 ms = 14.164024 seconds 39
 Timer Mode 0

• Mode 0 is exactly like mode 1 except that it is a 13-

bit timer instead of 16-bit.
– 8-bit TH0 + 5-bit TL0
• The counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF in
TH0-TL0.
– 213-1= 2000H-1=1FFFH
• We set the initial values TH0-TL0 to count up.
• When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFFH, it
rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.

40
 Timer Mode 2

• 8-bit timer.
– It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0.
• Auto-reloading
• TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0=1.
• In the following example, we want to generate a
delay with 200 MCs on timer 0.
• See Examples 9-14 to 9-16

41
 Steps of Mode 2 (1/2)

1. Chose mode 2 timer 0

– MOV TMOD,#02H
2. Set the original value to TH0.
– MOV TH0,#38H
3. Clear the flag to TF0=0.
– CLR TF0
4. After TH0 is loaded with the 8-bit value, the 8051 gives a
copy of it to TL0.
– TL0=TH0=38H
5. Start the timer.
– SETB TR0
42
 Steps of Mode 2 (2/2)

6. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TL0.

– TL0= 38H, 39H, 3AH,....
7. When TL0 rolls over from FFH to 00, the 8051 set TF0=1.
Also, TL0 is reloaded automatically with the value kept by
the TH0.
– TL0= FEH, FFH, 00H (Now TF0=1)
– The 8051 auto reload TL0=TH0=38H.
– Go to Step 6 (i.e., TL0 is incrementing continuously).
• Note that we must clear TF0 when TL0 rolls over. Thus, we
can monitor TF0 in next process.
• Clear TR0 to stop the process.
43
Timer 1 Mode 2 with External Input

XTAL
oscillator 12 ÷

C/T = 0

overflow
TL1 TF1 flag

reload

TR1 TH1

TF goes high
when FF 0
44
 Example 9-15
Find the frequency of a square wave generated on pin P1.0.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#2H ;Timer 0,mode 2
MOV TH0,#0
AGAIN:MOV R5,#250 ;count 250 times
ACALL DELAY
CPL P1.0
SJMP AGAIN
DELAY:SETB TR0 ;start
BACK: JNB TF0,BACK
CLR TR0 ;stop
CLR TF0 ;clear TF
DJNZ R5,DELAY ;timer 2: auto-reload
RET
T = 2 (250 × 256 × 1.085 s) = 138.88 ms, and frequency = 72 Hz. 45
 Example 9-16

Assuming that we are programming the timers for mode 2, find the
value (in hex) loaded into TH for each of the following cases.
(a) MOV TH1,#-200 (b) MOV TH0,#-60 (c) MOV TH1,#-3
(d) MOV TH1,#-12 (e) MOV TH0,#-48
Solution:
Some 8051 assemblers provide this way.
-200 = -C8H  2’s complement of –200 = 100H – C8H = 38 H
Decimal 2’s complement (TH value)
-200 = - C8H 38H
- 60 = - 3CH C4H
- 3 FDH
- 12 F4H
- 48 D0H 46
 Example 9-17 (1/2)

Find (a) the frequency of the square wave generated in the

following code, and (b) the duty cycle of this wave.

Solution:
“MOV TH0,#-150” uses 150 clocks.
The DELAY subroutine = 150 × 1.085 s = 162 s.
The high portion of the pulse is twice tat of the low portion (66%
duty cycle).
The total period = high portion + low portion
= 325.5 s + 162.25 s = 488.25 s
Frequency = 2.048 kHz.
47
 Example 9-17 (2/2)
MOV TMOD,#2H ;Timer 0,mode 2
MOV TH0,#-150 ;Count=150
AGAIN:SETB P1.3
high
ACALL DELAY
period
ACALL DELAY
CLR P1.3 low
ACALL DEALY period
SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:SETB TR0 ;start

BACK: JNB TF0,BACK
CLR TR0 ;stop
CLR TF0 ;clear TF
RET 48
 Counter

• These timers can also be used as counters counting

events happening outside the 8051.
• When the timer is used as a counter, it is a pulse
outside of the 8051 that increments the TH, TL.
• When C/T=1, the counter counts up as pulses are fed
from
– T0: timer 0 input (Pin 14, P3.4)
– T1: timer 1 input (Pin 15, P3.5)

49
 Port 3 Pins Used For Timers 0 and 1

Pin Port Pin Function Description

14 P3.4 T0 Timer/Counter 0 external input
15 P3.5 T1 Timer/Counter 1 external input

(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T=1 M1 M0 GATE C/T=1 M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 0

50
 Counter Mode 1

• 16-bit counter (TH0 and TL0)

• TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an
external pulse (in T0) occurs.
• When the counter (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of
FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
• Programmers should monitor TF0 continuously and stop
the counter 0.
• Programmers can set the initial value of TH0-TL0 and
let TF0=1 as an indicator to show a special condition.
(ex: 100 people have come).
51
 Timer 0 with External Input (Mode 1)

overflow
Timer 0 flag
external TH0 TL0 TF0
input
Pin 3.4
TF0 goes high
C/T = 1 TR0 when FFFF 0

52
 Counter Mode 2

• 8-bit counter.
– It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0.
• Auto-reloading
• TL0 is incremented if TR0=1 and external pulse
occurs.
• See Figure 9.6, 9.7 for logic view
• See Examples 9-18, 9-19

53
 Example 9-18 (1/2)
Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program for
counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state of the
TL 1 count on P2.
Solution:
MOV TMOD,#01100000B ;mode 2, counter 1
MOV TH1,#0
SETB P3.5 ;make T1 input port
AGAIN:SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: MOV A,TL1
MOV P2,A ;display in P2
JNB TF1,Back ;overflow
CLR TR1 ;stop
CLR TF1 ;make TF=0
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it 54
 Example 9-18 (2/2)
We use timer 1 as an event counter where it counts up as clock
pulses are fed into pin3.5.
Notice in the above program the role of the instruction “SETB
P3.5”. Since ports are set up for output when the 8051 is powered
up , we must make P3.5 an input port by making it high.
8051

P2 is connected to 8 LEDs
P2 to
and input T1 to pulse.
LEDs
P3.5
T1

55
 Example 9-19 (1/3)
Assume that a 1-Hz frequency pulse is connected to input pin 3.4.
Write a program to display counter 0 on an LCD. Set the initial
value of TH0 to -60.
Solution:
Note that on the first round, it starts from 0 and counts 256 events,
since on RESET, TL0=0. To solve this problem, load TH0 with
-60 at the beginning of the program.

8051

P1 to
LCD
P3.4
1 Hz clock T0
56
 Example 9-19 (2/3)

ACALL LCD_SET_UP ;initialize the LCD

MOV TMOD,#00000110B ;Counter 0,mode2
MOV TH0,#-60
SETB P3.4 ;make T0 as input
AGAIN:SETB TR0 ;starts the counter
BACK: MOV A,TL0 ; every 60 events
ACALL CONV ;convert in R2,R3,R4
JNB TF0,BACK ;loop if TF0=0
CLR TR0 ;stop
CLR TF0
SJMP AGAIN
57
 Example 9-19 (3/3)
;converting 8-bit binary to ASCII
CONV: MOV B,#10 ;divide by 10
DIV AB
MOV R2,B ;save low digit
MOV B,#10 ;divide by 10 once more
DIV AB
ORL A,#30H ;make it ASCII
MOV R4,A
MOV A,B
ORL A,#30H R4 R3 R2
MOV R3,A
MOV A,R2
ORL A,#30H
MOV R2,A ;ACALL LCD_DISPLAY here
58
RET
 A Digital Clock

• Example 9-19 shows a simple digital clock.

– If we feed an external square wave of 60 Hz frequency into the
timer/counter, we can generate the second, the minute, and the
hour out of this input frequency and display the result on an
LCD.
• You might think that the use of the instruction “JNB
TF0,target” to monitor the raising of the TF0 flag is
a waste of the microcontroller’s time.
– The solution is the use of interrupt. See Chapter 11.
– In using interrupts we can do other things with the 8051.
– When the TF flag is raised it will inform us.
59
 GATE=1 in TMOD

• All discuss so far has assumed that GATE=0.

– The timer is stared with instructions “SETB TR0” and
“SETB TR1” for timers 0 and 1, respectively.
• If GATE=1, we can use hardware to control the start
and stop of the timers.
– INT0 (P3.2, pin 12) starts and stops timer 0
– INT1 (P3.3, pin 13) starts and stops timer 1
– This allows us to start or stop the timer externally at any
time via a simple switch.

60
 Example for GATE=1

• The 8051 is used in a product to sound an alarm

every second using timer 0.
• Timer 0 is turned on by the software method of using
the “SETB TR0” instruction and is beyond the
control of the user of that product.
• However, a switch connected to pin P3.2 can be used
to turn on and off the timer, thereby shutting down
the alarm.

61
 Timer/Counter 0

XTAL
oscillator 12 ÷
C/T = 0

C/T = 1
T0 Pin
Pin 3.4 TR0

Gate

INT0 Pin
Pin 3.2

62
 Interrupts Programming

• An interrupt is an external or internal event that interrupts the

microcontroller to inform it that a device needs its service.

Interrupts vs. Polling

• A single microcontroller can serve several devices. That are
two ways to do that: interrupts or polling.
• The program which is associated with the interrupt is called
the interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler.

63
 Steps in executing an interrupt:

• it finishes the instruction it is executing and serves the address of the

next instruction (PC) on the stack.
• It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally (i.e. not
on the stack)
• It jumps to a fixed location in memory called the interrupt vector
table that holds the address of the interrupt service routine.
• The microcontroller gets the address of the ISR from the interrupt
vector table and jumps to it. It starts to execute the interrupt service
routine until it reaches the last instruction of the subroutine which is
RETI (return from interrupt)
• Upon executing the RETI instruction, the microcontroller returns to
the place where it was interrupted. First, it gets the program counter
(PC) address from the stack by popping the top two bytes of the
stack into the PC. Then it starts to execute from that address.

64
 Six interrupts in 8051
SJMP FIRST

ORG 13H ;TSR FOR INT1

MOV A,P1 ;read data
ACALL ;MUL39 ;R3R2R1=A*39
MOV A,R3
FCAL PUTH
MOV A,R2
FCAL PUTH
MOV A,R1
FCAL PUTH ;DISP VOLTAGE IN mV
SETB P3.0 ;RD=1 FOR NEXT

CLR P3.1 ;WR=0

SETB P3.1 ;WR=1 ,start conversion

ORG 30H
FIRST:
…
END

65
 Enabling and disabling an interrupt:

Example:
Write a program using interrupts to simultaneously create 7
kHz and 500 Hz square waves on P1.7 and P1.6.

66
 Solution:
ORG 0
LJMP MAIN
ORG 000BH
LJMP T0ISR 8051 143s
ORG 001BH 71s
LJMP T1ISR P1.7
ORG 0030H
MAIN: MOV TMOD,#12H
MOV TH0,#-71
SETB TR0
SETB TF1 2ms
MOV IE,#8AH 1ms
P1.6
MOV IE,#8AH
SJMP $
T0ISR: CLR P1.7
RETI
T1ISR: CLR TR1
MOV TH1,#HIGH(-1000)
MOV TL1,#LOW(-1000)
SETB TR1
CPL P1.6
RETI
END

67
External Interrupts:

Level-triggered (default)
INT0
)Pin 3.2( 0
0003
IT0
1 IE0
2 (TCON.3)
Edge-triggered

Level-triggered (default)
INT0
)Pin 3.3( 0 0013
IT1
1 IE1
2 (TCON.3)
Edge-triggered

68
 Exercise

• We have a motor that send pulses to micro

proportional to it’s r.p.m. write a program that if the
number of pulses per 10-second are less than 100,
send 1 to P1.0, and if more than 200, send 1 to P1.1
• Write a program and design hardware that connect
key-pad to micro and identifies which key is pressed.

69
Serial Communication

70
 Basics of serial communication
•Baud Rate

71
72
Start and stop bits

73
 RxD and TxD pins in the 8051

• TxD pin 11 of the 8051 (P3.1)

• RxD pin 10 of the 8051 (P3.0)

SBUF register

MOV SBUF,#’D’ ;load SBUF=44H, ASCII for ‘D’

MOV SBUF,A ;copy accumulator into SBUF
MOV A,SBUF ;copy SBUF into accumulator

74
MAX232

75
76
77