AM Theory
AM Theory
2
Introduction
Objectives
C. Identify the various parts of the modulated waveform.
1. Ecm
2. Esm
3. Emax
4. Emin
5. A
6. B
3
Theory of Modulation
1. Definition of Modulation
- Technology that efficiently converts the information to be
transmitted according to the characteristics of the
transmission medium.
2. Reason of Modulation
- Transmit the signal with short antenna
𝑐
λ= , λ(Wavelength), c(Speed of Light), f(frequency)
𝑓
+ =
[ Audio Signal (CSB) ] [ Carrier Signal ] [ Modulated CSB ] 6
Procedure of Modulating the ILS Signal
General Considerations
Complex Wave Analysis
𝐸𝑠𝑚
𝑚= (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 7 − 1)
𝐸𝑐𝑚
where:
Esm = is the peak value of the total sideband voltage and
Ecm = is the peak value of the carrier voltage.
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Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Definition
Example 7 -2
Using peak-to-peak values for the waveform shown in Figure
7 -4, find the depth of modulation (m).
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FIGURE 7 - 4. AM Waveform for Example 7-2.
Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Definition
Answer>
- 2Esm = 100V PP, 2Ecm = 200V PP
2𝐸𝑠𝑚 100 1
- M = 2𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 200 = 2 = 0.5 or 50%
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FIGURE 7 - 4. AM Waveform for Example 7-2.
Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Peak and Peak-to-Peak Calculations
In the preceding example the peak-to-peak values of the
envelope were used. Typical sine wave measurements utilize
peak, peak-to-peak, or rms measurements. A voltage of 100
volts would normally indicate an rms voltage which would
also possess a peak value of 141.4 volts and a peak-to-peak
value of 282.8 volts. When a sideband voltage is expressed in
the form Esm, it indicates the maximum or peak value.
Example 7 -3
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Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Peak and Peak-to-Peak Calculation
Answer>
𝐸𝑠𝑚 50 1
- M = 𝐸𝑐𝑚 = = = 0.5 or 50%
100 2
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Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Relative Value Calculation
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FIGURE 7 - 6. Oscilloscope Presentation of AM Wave.
Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Relative Value Calculation
Example 7 -4
Answer>
- 2Emax = 30 Scale divisions
Emax = 15
- 2Emin = 20 Scale divisions
Emin = 10
16
FIGURE 7 - 7. AM Waveform for Example 7 -4.
Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Relative Value Calculation
Another method of using the oscilloscope presentation to determine
the depth of modulation involves the use of A and B as shown in
Figure 7 -8.
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FIGURE 7 - 8. AM Waveform Presentation
Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Relative Value Calculation
• 𝐴 = 2𝐸sm , B = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑠𝑚
• 𝑚=
𝐸𝑐𝑚
1/2𝐴
• 𝑚=
1/2𝐴+𝐵
1/2𝐴 𝐴
• 𝑚= 𝐴+2𝐵 = (Equation 7 -3)
𝐴+2𝐵
2
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Depth of Modulation or Modulation Factor
Relative Value Calculation
Example 7 -5
Application of Equation 7 -3
Using the values of Esm and Ecm shown in Figure 7 -8, calculate
the depth of modulation by application of Equation 7 -3.
Answer>
𝐴 2𝐸𝑠𝑚 20 20
- M = 𝐴+2𝐵 = 2𝐸𝑠𝑚+2 𝐸𝑐𝑚−𝐸𝑠𝑚
= 20+2(20−10)
= 40
= 0.5 or 50%
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Modulation Principles
Amplitude Modulation Process
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Modulation Principles
Development of the AM Wave
By the addition of the modulating component to the constant
amplitude component, the envelope can be expressed as :
Equation 7 -4 describes the envelope; however, the envelope shows
only the effect of the modulating component and does not allow for
the RF variations of the total wave. The RF variations of the resultant
wave must be considered when finding the instantaneous value of the
total waveshape. Applying an RF factor (sin 2fct) to Equation 7 -4
yields an equation for the instantaneous variation of the amplitude-
modulated wave.
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Modulation Principles
Development of the AM Wave
Expanding the equation
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Modulation Principles
Development of the AM Wave
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FIGURE 7 - 12. (a), (b), & (c: Development of an Amplitude Modulated Wave.
Modulation Principles
Development of the AM Wave
The sideband term contains the product of two angles:
[(sin2fat) (sin2fct)]
Substituting the identity: sinA sinB = -1/2cos(A + B) + 1/2cos(A - B)
mEcm mEcm
e = Ecmsin2fct - cos2 t(fc +fa) + cos 2t(fc − fa) (7 -8)
2 2
CARRIER UPPER SIDEBAND LOWER SIDEBAND
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Modulation Principles
Development of the AM Wave
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FIGURE 7 - 13. : Components of an Amplitude Modulated Wave.
Modulation Principles
Sideband Phase
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FIGURE 7 - 15. : Reversal of RF Phase of Sidebands with Respect to Carrier.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Plotting of Phasors
𝑒1 = 𝐸1𝑚 sin(ωt)
𝑒2 = 𝐸2𝑚 sin(ωt + 30°)
𝑒3 = 𝐸3𝑚 sin(ωt − 60°)
[ Sine ]
[ Cosine ]
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Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Plotting of Phasors
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Figure 7 -20. Sine-Cosine Phasor Plot.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
Figure 7 -21. : Components of the AM Wave; Starting Phase and Angular Velocities ()
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for
each.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
37
Figure 7 -22. : Carrier Reference Phasor at 0.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
38
Figure 7 -23. : Waveform for Eight (8) RF Cycles During One (1) Audio Cycle.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
39
Figure 7 -24. : Phasor Diagrams for AM Waveform of Figure 7 -23.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
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Figure 7 -25. : Waveform for 1000 KHz Modulated Wave at One (1) KC.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
Example 7 -7
For the waveform of Figure 7 -25, plot the carrier, upper
sideband, and lower sideband phasors corresponding to the 0
point (a) of the audio cycle.
Answer>
mEcm mEcm
e = Ecmsin2fct - cos (2fc t+2fat) + cos (2fc t−2fat)
2 2
In the (a) point
Audio Signal, (2fat) = 0
Carrier Signal, (2fct) = 0
mEcm mEcm
USB = - cos (0+0) = - cos (0)
2 2
mEcm mEcm
LSB = + cos (0−0) = + cos (0)
2 2
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Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
Example 7 -8
Plot the carrier, upper sideband and lower sideband phasors
corresponding to the 45 point (b) of the audio cycle.
Answer>
mEcm mEcm
e = Ecmsin2fct - cos (2fc t+2fat) + cos (2fc t−2fat)
2 2
In the (b) point
Audio Signal, (2fat) = 45(1/8 cycle)
Carrier Signal, (2fct) = 45,000(125 cycle)
mE mE
USB = - 2 cm cos (45000+45) = - 2 cm cos (0 + 45)
mEcm mEcm
LSB = + cos (45000−45) = + cos (0 - 45 )
2 2
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Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
Example 7 -9
Plot the carrier, upper sideband and lower sideband phasors
corresponding to 90 point (c of the audio cycle
Answer>
mEcm mEcm
e = Ecmsin2fct - cos (2fc t+2fat) + cos (2fc t−2fat)
2 2
In the (c) point
Audio Signal, (2fat) = 90(1/4 cycle)
Carrier Signal, (2fct) = 90,000(250 cycle)
mE mE
USB = - 2 cm cos (90000+90) = - 2 cm cos (0 + 90)
mEcm mEcm
LSB = + cos (90000−90) = + cos (0 - 90 )
2 2
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Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
Example 7 -10
Plot the carrier, upper sideband and lower sideband phasors
corresponding to 360 point (i) of the audio cycle.
Answer>
mEcm mEcm
e = Ecmsin2fct - cos (2fc t+2fat) + cos (2fc t−2fat)
2 2
In the (i) point
Audio Signal, (2fat) = 360(1 cycle)
Carrier Signal, (2fct) = 360,000(1,000 cycle)
mE mE
USB = - 2 cm cos (360,000+360) = - 2 cm cos (0 + 360)
mEcm mEcm
LSB = + cos (360,000−360) = + cos (0 - 360 )
2 2
44
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Carrier and Sideband Phasors
45
Figure 7 -26. : Phasor Diagrams for each 45 of an Audio Cycle.
Phasor Representation of The AM Wave
Total Sideband Envelope
Example 7 -12
Answer>
= 0.5 or 50%
56
Summary
Key Points
The following points have been prepared as a summary to Chapter 2
and should be studied until the concepts presented are thoroughly
understood.
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Summary
Key Points
The carrier phasor is used as a reference phasor with proper
amplitude and angular velocity considered when plotting at various
points. The lower sideband phasor may appear to rotate clockwise
due to its lower angular velocity, while the upper sideband phasor
may appear to rotate counterclockwise due to its higher angular
velocity.
A non-linear device is used for demodulation since the beat
frequency principle is employed to derive the fundamental
modulating frequency.
Harmonics within the audio frequency range are present at the
output of the second detector but will not affect receiver operation
due to filters.
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Thank You
^.^
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