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    Chapter 10: Endocrine System

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    Abby Lumanglas
    The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate bodily functions. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to target tissues. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormone secretion is controlled through negative and positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.

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    Chapter 10: Endocrine System

    Uploaded by

    Abby Lumanglas
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    The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate bodily functions. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to target tissues. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormone secretion is controlled through negative and positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.

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    Chapter 10

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    The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate bodily functions. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to target tissues. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormone secretion is controlled through negative and positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.

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    13 views20 pages

    Chapter 10: Endocrine System

    Uploaded by

    Abby Lumanglas
    The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to regulate bodily functions. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to target tissues. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormone secretion is controlled through negative and positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.

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    Chapter 10: Endocrine System

    Chemical Communication
    Chemical Messengers
    • Secretions from glands or collections of cells;
    • Allow cells to communicate with each othe to
    regulate body activities; making the
    maintenance homeostasis possible
    Types of Chemical Messengers
    • Autocrine Chemical Messengers
    - Stimulates cells that secrete it
    • Paracrine Chemical Messengers
    - Affects surrounding cells of different type
    • Neurotransmitter
    - Secreted neurons; activates adjacent cell
    • Endocrine Chemical Messengers
    - secreted to the blood stream by glands and cells
    Types of Chemical Messengers
    Functions
    • Metabolism
    - regulates rate of metabolism
    • Control of food intake and digestion
    - regulates satiety and food breakdown
    • Tissue development
    • Ion regulation
    • Water balance
    Functions
    • Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
    • Controls blood glucose and other nutrients
    • Controls reproductive functions
    • Uterine contractions and milk release
    • Immune system regulation
    - controls production and function of immune
    cells
    Endocrine System Characteristics
    • Composed of endocrine glands and
    specialized cells located throughout the body.
    • Each gland secretes its own chemical
    messenger called “hormone”
    • Secreted directly to the blood stream 
    travels target tissues to produce a coordinated
    response
    Endocrine System Characteristics
    Endocrine:

    endo – “within”
    krino – “to secrete”

    Endocrinology:
    study of the
    endocrine system
    Endocrine System Characteristics
    Endocrine Vs Exocrine
    Endocrine Exocrine
    Ductless Have ducts
    Target tissue is inside Carry secretions
    the body outside of the body or
    into hollow organs
    Secretions are Secretions include:
    hormones (calcitonin) saliva, sweat, and
    digestive enzymes
    Hormones
    • From the greek word hormon which means to
    “set in motion”
    • Regulates the body’s physiological processes
    • Two categories:
    - Lipid-soluble hormones
    - Water-soluble hormones
    Lipid-soluble vs. Water-soluble
    Lipid-soluble Water-soluble
    Non-polar Polar
    steroid hormones, thyroid protein hormones, peptide
    hormones, and fatty acid hormones, and most amino-acid
    derivative hormones derivatives

    Low solubility in aqueous fluid soluble in blood


    Travel by attachment to binding Travel through blood stream
    protein
    short life span (few days – several Short life span – because of
    week) enzyme degredation (proteases)
    Readily diffuses to capillaries Does not readily diffuse through
    (small) capillaries (bulky)
    Control of Hormone Secretion
    • Hormone release is regulated by the following
    stimuli:
    - humoral
    - neural
    - hormonal
    • Negative-feedback and, sometimes, positive-
    feedback can also regulate blood hormone
    levels
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Control by Humoral Stimuli
    • Humoral – body fluids, including blood
    • Blood-borne chemicals that can directly
    stimulate release of hormones
    • Sensitive to blood levels of a particular
    substance
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Neural Stimuli
    • Neurotransmitters stimulate the cells of
    endocrine glands to secrete hormones

    Neuropeptides: chemical messengers secreted


    by neurons directly to the blood
    Releasing hormones: neuropeptides that
    stimulate hormone secretion from other glands
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Hormonal Stimuli
    • Hormones that stimulates the secretion of
    other hormones
    • A common example is the tropic hormone
    secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
    Stimulation of Hormone Release
    Inhibition of Hormone Release
    Humoral Stimuli
    • Secretion of a hormone opposing the effect of
    previously release hormone
    Neural
    • If neurotransmitters are inhibitory target glands
    do not secrete hormones
    Hormonal
    • Hormones that prevent the secretion of other
    hormones
    Regulation of Hormone Levels in Blood
    Two major mechanisms:
    • Negative feed back
    - Self-limiting system
    - Hormone secretion inhibits itself once blood
    levels have reached a certain point and there is
    adequate hormone in target site
    • Positive feed back
    - Self-propagating system
    - stimulation of further secretion of one hormone

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