Cellular Principles
Cellular Principles
Cellular Principles
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Radio Design
Cellular Principles
5-3
Erlang Concept
Erlang is the unit of statistical resource use.
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Erlang B:
At some time some users can need the resource simultaneously:
the use of the resource is associated with a blocking rate.
Erlang C:
When users request the resource at the same time, instead of rejecting the extra calls,
users are requested to wait some time before getting the line.
DTI DTI
Total boards boards
TRX Erlangs E/TRX TCH BCCH SDCCH/8 LAPD PCM /TS PCM/E1 PCM/T1
O1 2.93 2.9 7 1* 0 1 3 1 1
O2 8.2 4.1 14 1 1 1 5 1 1
O3 14 4.7 21 1 2 1 7 1 1
O4 21 5.3 29 1 2 1 9 1 1
O5 27.3 5.4 36 1 3 1 11 1 1
O6 34.7 5.8 44 1 3 1 13 1 1
O7 42.1 6 52 1 3 1 15 1 1
O8 48.7 6.1 59 1 4 1 17 1 1
* Combined BCCH
* Combined BCCH
DTI DTI
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
* Combined BCCH
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-7
Fading
-20 Zoom on
Short Term Fading
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
-30 Measurement
Field Strength (dBm)
Free Space
/2
-40
±2m
-50
-60
-70
Long Term Fading
-80
-90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-100
Distance (m)
COVERAGE
LIMITED
AREA
(-70 dBm
at cell edge)
OMNI
TRI
BI
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-10
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Omnidirectional Site Antennas
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Clutters
Cellular Principles
5-14
Link Budget Presentation
Parameters
Antenna Gain (65°)
18 dBi Frequency 1800 MHz
Jumper Loss Base Height 40.0 m
0.5 dB Mobile Height 1,5 m
Environment Urban
Feeder Loss
3 dB
Penetration Factor 15 dB
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Antenna Gain
Coupling system Outdoor Minimum Field -2 dB
Cable Loss
95%: -80 dBm 0 dB
Tx loss
4.5 dB Coverage Range RX TX
95%: 810 m
Output Power
RXm RXd 30 dBm
Sensitivity
-100 dBm
Max TX Output Power
Options
44.8 dBm
Rx Diversity Gain: 5 dB
Mobile
Base Station Overlapping Margin: 0 dB
10
5
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
0
1
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
10
0
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Cellular Principles
Theoretical Cells
5-19
Calculated Coverage (Bisectorial Site)
1 cell 1 site
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
1 site
- Antenna Height = 25 m
- Quality of coverage = 95 % 165 sites
- Indoor Penetration = 15 dB (0.6 Km²)
• Assumptions 2
- Antenna Height = 20 m
- Quality of coverage = 98 %
410 sites
(0.25 Km²)
- Indoor Penetration = 18 dB
P
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
1
P’
Frequency
f1
Frequency
f1
Power
combined
signal
The two signals are
superimposed
Frequency
f1
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000 Cellular Principles 5-28
Interferer Limits
LEVEL AXIS
Ia2 (+41dB)
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
C (0 dB)
Ia1 (+9dB)
Ic (-9dB)
Reuse distance D
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Frequency Frequency
Group A1 Group A1
Other Other
frequencies frequencies
Wanted signal
Interfering signal
A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 B3 A4 C3
Trisectorial
Site B4 A1 C4 B4 A1 C4 B4
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
A2 C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2 C1
A3 C2 B2
Distance of B2 A3 C2 B2 4*3 Reuse
frequency reuse Pattern
A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 B3 A4 C3 of 12 cells
B4 A1 C4 B4
A1 C4 B4
A2 C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2 C1
B2 A3 C2 B2 A3 C2 B2
PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN
January, 2000
Cellular Principles
Frequency Plan
5-32
Different Types of Cells
EXTENDED - CELL: CONCENTRIC - CELL:
macro cell with system coverage macro cell with system coverage
extension ( 120 km) for coasts... limitation inside another macro
MACRO - CELL:
antenna radiating ‘above’ roofs
---> Wide Coverage ( 35 km)
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
• High sensitivity to
interference
• Requires "secured"
Frequency reuse pattern
PICO-CELL:
MICRO-CELL: • High isolation from
Antenna inside building
---> Very small coverage Antenna ‘below’ the roofs interferences
---> small coverage • A few Frequencies
intensively reused
Macrocell
Antenna
Macrocell
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
Umbrella cell
2 layers
model
Microcell
Antenna µ cell 1 Microcell
µ cell 2 Pedestrian
Slow speed
Fast speed vehicle after
vehicle direction change
20
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
20 20
40
20
100 60 60 60
20
100
100
20
60 100
100
20
20
20
Figures indicates Base Stations
Erlang capacity
20
20
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
20
40
20
100 60 60 60
20
100
100
20
60 100
100
Town 20
20
Suburb
Highway 20
Rural
A1 A1
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".
C1 B1 A2 C1 B1 A2
A3 C2 B2 A3 C2 B2
C3 B3 A4 C3 B3
C4 B4