12 NavGen - Lamberts V2
12 NavGen - Lamberts V2
Chapter 12
EASA Syllabus Ref:
03-01 General Properties of Projections
03-02 Representation of Meridians/Parallels
Origin
Johannes Lambert developed the Lamberts
Conformal Conic Charts in 1770.
His aim was to overcome the Mercator’s excessive
scale expansion at high latitudes, and to
Cover large areas at near constant scale,
Whilst still maintaining orthomorphism.
It is based on the simple geometric conic, modified to
an orthomorphic conic, and then further modified to
an orthomorphic conic with two standard parallels.
The Simple Conic
The Simple Conic is based on a developable conic surface that can
be cut and opened out to form a flat surface
SF > 1
SF>1
SF>1
Scale
SP
• Scale expands
outside the SPs,
and
• Scale contracts
between the SPs
• The rate of scale change Projection
outside the SPs is
greater than the rate of Surface
scale change between SP
the SPs
Scale
Constant scale chart should not have SPs more than 16°
apart, and not cover more than 24°Lat N-S.
Scale and 1/6th Rule
SF>1
Standard Parallel Scale Correct (SF=1)
Parallel of Origin SF<1
Standard Parallel Scale Correct (SF=1)
SF>1
SP’s 16° apart, and complying to 1/6th rule results in a constant scale
chart.
1/ th rule ensures balanced scale deviation.
6
The quoted scale on the Lamberts is the scale at the standard
parallels.
Graticule
Meridians are straight lines converging to the nearer Pole.
Chart Convergency = d long x Sin PoO
= d long x η (constant of the cone)
= d long x CCF (chart convergency factor)
Graticule
Parallels are arcs of circles, nearly equally spaced, all
centred on the nearer pole.
Meridians and Parallels all intersect at right angles.
Orthomorphism
The chart is orthomorphic/conformal through
mathematical manipulation.
Angles correctly reflect angles on the Earth.
Shapes and Areas
The Lamberts cannot be an equal area projection as it is
conformal,
but:
50% 25%
75%
n=0.50 n=0.25
n=0.75
068°
056°
080°
Conversion Angle
A
100°E 140°E
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Convergency – Question 4
An aircraft departs from A (090°E) on an Initial GC track of 070°T,
en-route to B (E150°). Both airports are in the Northern
Hemisphere, and the chart factor (n) is 0.5. Calculate:
Chart Convergency: = dlong x n = 30°
Conversion Angle: = ½ Chart Convergency = 15°
Rhumbline Track at A: = IGC + CA = 085°
Final GC track at B: = IGC + Conv = 100°
Rhumbline track at B: = RL at A = 085°
090°E 150°E
100°
085°
Conversion Angle
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Convergency – Question 5
An aircraft departs from A (080°E) on a Great Circle track of
100°T, en-route to B (140°E). Both airports are in the Southern
Hemisphere, and the chart factor (n) is 0.4. At what meridian will
the aircraft be closest to the South Pole?
Closest to South Pole = Southern Vertex
Great Circle Track Angle at Vertex = 090° or 270°
Conv = 10°
d long = Conv / n
d long = 25°
25° E of 080°E = 105°E
100°
70°
70°
70°
70°
70°
70°
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Great Circle – Question 8
An aircraft flies from A (34°S122°E) to B (37°S 141°E) using an INS
to maintain it on the Great Circle track between A and B. A straight-
line track is drawn between A and B on a Lambert’s Chart with an
n=0.5. Where will the Great Circle track be in relation to the straight-
line track between A and B?
η = sin PoO
a) North of the straight-line track. .5 = sin PoO
b) On the straight-line track.
PoO = 30°
c) South of the straight-line track.
Chart Usage
Close to the PoO a GC is assumed to be a straight line.
To obtain a rhumbline (constant track) direction,
measure track at mid-meridian between departure and
destination.
Scale may be considered as constant (1/6th rule) charts,
and latitudinal coverage ≤ 24°.
On such charts a graduated scale ruler can be used for
measuring distances.
Advantages
For practical purposes, GC is a straight line.
VOR bearings can be easily plotted.
Graduated scale ruler used for distance measurement.
Disadvantages
If RL tracks are required – straight line track to be
measured at mid-meridian.
Graticule not rectangular, plotting not as simple as on a
Mercator.
Convergency to be applied when plotting NDB position
lines.
Uses
The most widespread aviation chart in use:
272
270
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Question 10
An aircraft is at position (53ºN 006ºW) and has a landmark at
position (52º47’N 004º45’W), with a relative bearing of 060º.
Given: T V M D C
Compass Heading: 051º 037 16w 053 2e 051
Variation: 16ºW
Deviation: 2ºE 037 + 060 = 097 + 180 = 277
What is the true bearing of the position line to be plotted from the
landmark to the aircraft on a Lambert’s chart with standard parallels
at 37ºN and 65ºN? CC = dlong sin PoO
PoO = 65 + 37 / 2 = 51° CC = 1.25 sin 51
a. 276º CC = 1
097 1
b. 278º
c. 250º
277
d. 277º
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Question 11
On a Lambert Conformal Chart the distance between two parallels
of latitude (difference of latitude is 2º), is measured to be 112mm.
The distance between two meridians, spaced 2º longitude,
according to the chart is 70nm. The parallel of origin runs through
the middle of the described square. What is the convergency for a
d-long of 15º on this map?
a. 1 : 756,000 CL EL
b. 1 : 1,056,000
112mm 120nm
c. 1 : 1,233,000
11.2cm 120nm
d. 1 : 1,984,000
1cm 10.714nm x 1.852 x 1000 x 100
1cm 1 984 000
Lamberts Conformal Projection
Question 13
An average true track of 120º is drawn between X (61º30’N) and Y
(58º30’N) on a Lambert’s Conformal Conic chart with a scale of
1:1,000,000 at 60ºN. The chart distance between X and Y is:
a. 33.4 cm X (61º30’N)
b. 66.7 cm
c. 38.5 cm
d. 36.0 cm 60° 360 nm
180 nm