SHAHEEN PUBLIC H/S

SCHOOL MIRPUR
MATHELO
CH # 07
WORK POWER AND ENERGY

By: Laghari Zoheb Hassan

Objectives: After completing
this module, you should be
able to:
 Define kinetic energy and potential energy,
along with the appropriate units in each
system.
 Describe the relationship between work
and kinetic energy, and apply the WORK-
ENERGY THEOREM.
 Define and apply the concept of POWER,
along with the appropriate units.
Work,
Displacement of body in the direction
of Force
Mathematically it can be written as
SI unit = Joule
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2
DIMENSION ML2T-2
Work can be positive or
negative & Zero
• Man does positive work
lifting box
• Man does negative work
lowering box

• Gravity does positive work

when box lowers
• Gravity does negative work
when box is raised
Work   
W  F  x  Fx cos

FORCE

Displacement

  
W  F  x  Fx cos 
  90 ; cos 90  0


W  0J
Work   
W  F  x  Fx cos

In the figure above, we see the woman applying a force at an angle

theta. Only the HORIZONTAL COMPONENT actually causes the
box to move and thus imparts energy to the box. The vertical
component (FsinQ) does NO work on the box because it is NOT
parallel to the displacement.
Scalar Dot Product?
A product is obviously a result of multiplying 2 numbers. A scalar is a
quantity with NO DIRECTION. So basically Work is found by
multiplying the Force times the displacement and result is ENERGY,
which has no direction associated with it.
  
W  F  x  Fx cos
A dot product is basically a CONSTRAINT
on the formula. In this case it means that
F and x MUST be parallel. To ensure that
they are parallel we add the cosine on the
end.

FORCE   
W  F  x  Fx cos 
Displacement
  0 ; cos 0  1

W  Fx
   
Work W  F  x  Fx cos

FORCE

Displacement

  
W  F  x  Fx cos 
  180 ; cos180  1


 
W   Ff x
Work Done By Gravitational
Field

1
F = mg
S3 S1
h

C B
D
2 S2
Work B C = F.d
= Ws2 cosθ
= Ws2 cos90
= Ws2 (0)
Work B C = 0 3
 Work C A = mg (-h)
Work C A = -mgh 5

Totall workdone along Closed path

Work A B + Work B C + Work C A =mgh + 0 + (-mgh)

Work A B + Work B C + Work C A =mgh - mgh
Work A B +Work B C + Work C A =0 6

CONCLUSION

Above equations shows that work done in closed path

in gravitational field is zero
Power
One useful application of Energy
is to determine the RATE at
which we store or use it. We
call this application POWER!

As we use this new application,

we have to keep in mind all
the different kinds of
substitutions we can make.

Unit = WATT or Horsepower

 Power
Power is defined as the rate at which
work is done: (P = dW/dt )
t
F Work F r
Power  
m time t
4s 10 kg
mgr (10kg)(9.8m/s 2 )(20m)
h mg P 
20 m t 4s
P  490 J/s or 490 watts (W)

Power of 1 W is work done at rate of 1 J/s

 Units of Power
One watt (W) is work done at the rate of
one joule per second.
1 W = 1 J/s and 1 kW = 1000 W

One ft lb/s is an older (USCS) unit of power.

One horsepower is work done at the rate of

550 ft lb/s. ( 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s )
 Example of Power
What power is consumed in lifting
a 70-kg robber 1.6 m in 0.50 s?
Fh mgh
P 
t t
2
(70 kg)(9.8 m/s )(1.6 m)
P
0.50 s

Power Consumed: P = 2220 W

Example 4: A 100-kg cheetah moves
from rest to 30 m/s in 4 s. What is the
power?
Recognize that work is equal
to the change in kinetic
energy: Work
Work  12 mv f  12 mv0
2 2
P
t m = 100 kg
1
mv 2f (100 kg)(30 m/s)2
1
P 2
 2

t 4s
Power Consumed: P = 1.22 kW
 Power and Velocity
Recall that average or constant velocity is
distance covered per unit of time v = x/t.

F x x
P= =F t P  Fv
t
If power varies with time, then calculus is
needed to integrate over time. (Optional)

Since P = dW/dt: Work   P(t ) dt

 Example 5: What
v = 4 m/s
power is required to lift
a 900-kg elevator at a
constant speed of 4
m/s? P = F v = mg v
P = (900 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(4 m/s)

P = 35.3 kW
 Energy

Energy is anything that can be con-verted into work; i.e.,

anything that can exert a force through a distance.

Energy is the capability for doing work.

 Potential Energy

Potential Energy: Ability to do work by virtue of position or

condition.

A suspended weight A stretched bow

Gravitational Potential Energy
Example Problem: What is the
potential energy of a 50-kg person in
a skyscraper if he is 480 m above the
street below?
What is the P.E. of a 50-kg
person at a height of 480 m?
U = mgh = (50 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(480 m)
U = 235 kJ
 Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy: Ability to do work by virtue of motion. (Mass

with velocity)

A speeding car or a
space rocket
 Examples of Kinetic
Energy
What is the kinetic energy of a 5-g bullet traveling at 200 m/s?

5g K  mv  (0.005 kg)(200 m/s)

1
2
2 1
2
2

200 K = 100 J
m/s
What is the kinetic energy of a 1000-kg car traveling at 14.1
m/s?

K  mv  (1000 kg)(14.1 m/s)

1
2
2 1
2
2

K = 99.4 J
 Work and Kinetic Energy
A resultant force changes the velocity of an object and does work
on that object.

vo x vf
F F
m m

v v2 2

Work  Fx  (ma ) x; a
f 0

2x
Work  mv  mv
1
2
2
f
1
2
2
0
The Work-Energy Theorem

Work is equal to the

change in ½mv2
Work  mv  mv
1
2
2
f
1
2
2
0

If we define kinetic energy as ½mv2 then we can state a very

important physical principle:

The Work-Energy Theorem: The work done by a resultant force is

equal to the change in kinetic energy that it produces.
 The Work Energy Theorem
Up to this point we have learned Kinematics and
Newton's Laws. Let 's see what happens when we
apply BOTH to our new formula for WORK!
1. We will start by applying
Newton's second law!
2. Using Kinematic #3!
3. An interesting term appears
called KINETIC ENERGY or
the ENERGY OF MOTION!
 Example 1: A 20-g projectile strikes a
mud bank, penetrating a distance of 6
cm before stopping. Find the stopping 6 cm
0 80 m/s
force F if the entrance velocity is 80 xm/s.
Work = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvo2

F=?
F x = - ½ mvo2

F (0.06 m) cos 1800 = - ½ (0.02 kg)(80 m/s) 2

F (0.06 m)(-1) = -64 J F = 1067 N

Work to stop bullet = change in K.E. for bullet

There are many different
TYPES of Energy.
 Energy is expressed
in JOULES (J)
 4.19 J = 1 calorie
 Energy can be
expressed more
specifically by
using the term
WORK(W)

Work = The Scalar Dot Product between Force and Displacement.

So that means if you apply a force on an object and it covers a
displacement you have supplied ENERGY or done WORK on that
object.
The Work Energy Theorem
And so what we really have is
called the WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM. It basically means
that if we impart work to an
object it will undergo a CHANGE
in speed and thus a change in
KINETIC ENERGY. Since both
WORK and KINETIC ENERGY are
expressed in JOULES, they are
EQUIVALENT TERMS!

" The net WORK done on an object is equal to the change in kinetic
energy of the object."
Example

Suppose the woman in the figure above applies a 50 N force to a

25-kg box at an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal. She
manages to pull the box 5 meters.

a) Calculate the WORK done by the woman on the box

b) The speed of the box after 5 meters if the box started from rest.
 W  KE  1 mv 2
W  Fx cos  2
W  (50)(5) cos 30  W  1 (25)v 2
2
216.5 J v  4.16 m/s
 Lifting mass at a constant
speed
Suppose you lift a mass upward at a constant speed, v = 0 &
K=0. What does the work equal now?

Since you are lifting at a constant

speed, your APPLIED FORCE
equals the WEIGHT of the object
you are lifting.

Since you are lifting you are raising

the object a certain “y”
displacement or height above the
ground.

When you lift an object above the ground it is said to have POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential Energy

W  Fx cos  F  mg; x  h
  0, cos 0  1
W  mgh  PE
Since this man is lifting the package
upward at a CONSTANT SPEED, the
kinetic energy is NOT CHANGING.
h Therefore the work that he does goes
mg into what is called the ENERGY OF
POSITION or POTENTIAL ENERGY.

All potential energy is considering to be

energy that is STORED!
Potential Energy
The man shown lifts a 10 kg package
2 meters above the ground. What is
the potential energy given to the
package by the man?

PE  mgh
PE  (10)(9.8)( 2) 
h

196 J
Suppose you throw a ball
upward W  KE  PE
What does work while it is
flying through the air?  KE  PE
 ( KE  KEo )  PE  PEo
GRAVITY

Is the CHANGE in kinetic

energy POSITIVE or  KE  KEo  PE  PEo
NEGATIVE?
NEGATIVE KEo  PEo  KE  PE
Is the CHANGE in
potential energy
 Energy
POSITIVE or NEGATIVE?
POSITIVE Before   Energy After
ENERGY IS CONSERVED
The law of conservation of mechanical energy states: Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed!

Energy Before Energy After

Am I moving? If yes,
Am I moving? If yes,
Ko
K
Am I above the
Am I above the
ground? If yes, Uo
ground? If yes, U
Conservation of Energy

A B C D

In Figure A, a pendulum
In Figure B,is a pendulum
In Figure C,
is astill
pendulum
In Figure D, is the
at the
pendulum has
released from above
rest at the
some ground
height
ground
position,
position
yet
reached
and
it is moving
the same
with aheight above
above the ground
alsoposition.
moving. maximum velocity. the ground position as A.

It has only potential

It has energy.
BOTH potential
It has only
energy
kinetic
Itand
has
energy.
only potential energy.
kinetic energy.
Energy consistently changes
forms
Energy consistently changes forms
Am I above the ground? NO, h = 0, U = 0 J

Am I moving? Yes, v = 8 m/s, m = 60 kg

K  1 mv 2  1 (60)(8)2
2 2
K  1920 J

Position m v U K ME
(= U+K)

1 60 kg 8 m/s 0J 1920 J 1920 J

Energy consistently changes forms
Energy Before = Energy After

KO =U+K

1920= (60)(9.8)(1) + (.5)(60)v2

1920= 588 + 30v2

1332 = 30v2
44.4 = v2
v = 6.66 m/s

Position m v U K ME
1 60 kg 8 m/s 0J 1920 J 1920 J
2 60 kg 6.66 m/s 588 J 1332 J 1920 J
Energy consistently changes
Am I moving at the top? No, v = 0 m/s
forms EB = EA

Using position 1
Ko = U
1920 = mgh
1920 =(60)(9.8)h
h = 3.27 m

Position m v U K ME

1 60 kg 8 m/s 0J 1920 J 1920 J

2 60 kg 6.66 m/s 588 J 1332 J 1920 J

3 60 kg 0 m/s 1920 J 0J 1920 J