Optical Networks Sonet & SDH
Optical Networks Sonet & SDH
Optical Networks Sonet & SDH
An optical combiner is a
passive device that
combines the optical power
carried by two input fibers
into a single output fiber.
Synchronous Optical Network
Contd….
• In SONET all circuits are synchronized to
an atomic clock.
• Widely used in telephone network.
• In synchronous signaling the digital
transition in signal occur at same rate.
• SONET defines a technique for carrying
multiple signals of different capacities
through a synchronous, flexible optical
hierarchy.
Principle of SONET
working channel
protection channel
head-end NE tail-end
NE
How does it work?
Head-end and tail-end NEs have bridges (muxes)
Head-end and tail-end NEs maintain bidirectional signaling channel
Signaling is contained in K1 and K2 bytes of protection channel
• K1 – tail-end status and requests
• K2 – head-end status
channel A
channel B
Linear 1:1 protection
Head-end bridge usually sends data on working channel
When tail-end detects failure it signals (using K1) to head-end
Head-end then starts sending data over protection channel
When not in use
protection channel can be used for (discounted) extra traffic
(pre-emptible unprotected traffic)
May be at any layer (only OC-n level protects against fiber cuts)
working channel
extra
traffic
protection channel
Linear 1:N protection
In order to save BW
we allocate 1 protection channel for every N working channels
N limited to 14
working
channels
protection channel
Two fiber vs. Four-fiber rings
Ring based protection is popular in North America
Full protection against physical fiber cuts
Simpler and less expensive than mesh topologies
Protection at line (multiplexed section) or path layer
Four-fiber rings
fully redundant at OC level
can support bidirectional routing at line layer
Two-fiber rings
support unidirectional routing at line layer
2 fibers in opposite
directions
UPSR vs. BLSR (MS-SPRing)
UPSR Unidirectional Path switching Two-fiber
BLSR Bidirectional Line switching Four-fiber
Each of the individual rings has its own failure recovery mechanisms and
SONET/SDH network management procedures.
Where
OC-3 = STM-1
OC-12 = STM-4
OC-48 = STM-16
OC-192= STM-64