Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Study Design
Study Design
Study Types
Non-Intervention Studies
Intervention Studies
Non-Intervention Studies
Cohort Studies
Cross sectional studies
Cross sectional studies describe as well as compare
various groups.
Cases
Risk Factor Absent
Comparison
Controls
Risk Factor Absent
Past Present
Retrospective
Retrospect (Noun)
• Looking back at the past events.
• View of past events.
Retrospection (Noun)
• Act of looking back at past events.
Retrospective (Adjective)
• Related to retrospection.
• Looking back at past events.
(Oxford dictionary)
Cohort
A cohort is a group of people, who
share some common characteristics or
pass through the same experience.
Comparison
Problem Developed
Not Exposed
To Risk
Problem Not developed
Present Future
Prospection
Hoped for
Adjective: Prospective
Comparison
Case Control Cohort
Retrospective Prospective/ Longitudinal
Hospital Based Community based
Quick Time consuming
Easy to conduct Logistically difficult
Small sample size Large sample size
Less expensive Very expensive
Rare diseases Common disease
None Incidence
Case Control
Cause Disease
Retrospective
Or Or
Cohort
Risk
Prospective Effect
Factors
Intervention Studies
In intervention studies, the researches always
manipulates the situation by introducing an
intervention and measures the effects of his
manipulation.
Usually (but not always), two groups are
compared; one in which the intervention (e.g.
treatment with a drug) takes place and another
group that remains untouched (e.g. treatment with
a placebo).
Experimental studies
Quasi experimental studies
Experimental study
Study
Study
Population
Population Randomization
Data
Data
Collection
Collection
Data
Data
Intervention Collection
Collection
Intervention
Data Compare
Compare Data
Data
Data
Collection Collection
Collection
Collection
Quasi – experimental study
Study
Study
Population
Population
Study Group Control
Group
Data
Data
Collectio
Collectio
nn Data
Data
Collection
Collection
Interventio
Interventio
nn
Phase – II
Phase – III
Phase – IV
Phase – I Trials
In phase I clinical trials, researchers
test a new drug or treatment in a small
group of people (20 – 80) for the first
time to evaluate its safety, determine a
safe dosage range, and identify side
effects.
Phase – II Trials
Researcher -------- X X
Used OC No OC Disease
40 10 DVT
20 30 No DVT
No. developing DVT among OC users/ No. NOT developing DVT among OC users
No. developing DVT among Non users/ No. NOT developing DVT among Non users
Compare
Exercise No. 1
Kilbourne et al. (1983) investigated an epidemic in Spain involving
multiple organ systems. Patients presented with caugh, dyspnea,
plueritic chest pain, headache, fever, and bilateral pulmonary
infiltrates. Although an infectious agent was suspected, a strong
association with cooking oil sold as olive oil but containing a high
proportion of rape seed oil was detected. Epidemiological studies
found that virtually all patients had ingestes such oil but unaffected
persons had rarely done so.
A. Descriptive
B. Cohort
C. Case Control
D. Clinical Trial
Exercise No. 2
Kuntson et al. (1981) treated wounds and burns using granulated
sugar combined with povidone-iodine (PI). The study was
undertaken from january 1976 to August 1980. During that time, 759
patients were treated. Of these, 154 were treated with the standard
therapy and the remaining 605 were treated with sugar and PI.
Uniformity in treatment and judgment regarding the healing process
were enhanced by using three physician-investigators to oversee the
process and by documenting wound healing. The investigators
reported that a much lower percentage of patients treated with the
sugar- PI mixture required skin grafting than those given standard
treatment
A. Descriptive
B. Cohort
C. Case Control
D. Clinical Trial
Exercise No. 3
Coldiz et al (1987) repored on the relationship between menopause and risk
of coronary heart disease in women. Subjects in the study were selected
from 130,000 married female registered nurses aged 30-55. the investigators
identified 116,000 of these women who were pre-menopausal and did not
have a diagnosis of coronary heart diseases at the beginning of the study.
The investigators were interested in determining that whether the influence
of menopause status is altered by the use postmenopausal estrogen. The
original survey provided information on the subject age, parental history of
myocardial infractions, smoking status, height, weight, use of oral
contraceptives or postmenopausal hormons and history of myocardial
infraction or angina pectoris, diabetes, hypertension or high serum cholestrol
levels. Follow-up surveys were done in 1978, 1980 and 1982.
• Descriptive
• Cohort
• Case Control
• Clinical Trial