Professional, Ethical, Legal

and Societal Implications of

Computer Systems Week 2

Intellectual Property
Computer Ethics, Third edition, Deborah Johnson, Chapter 6
A Gift of Fire, Third edition, Sara Baase, Chapter 4
 Quotations
 “I guess it [intellectual property] makes sense if capitalism makes
sense.” Author Unknown

 “Without intellectual property I wouldn't have money.

I’m a computer programmer, I write thousands of lines of code, it
takes hours and hours to do, but when you look at it, its just words
on a page. the only reason I can sell those words is because of the
order I have put them in. someone else could quite easily arrange
the same words in the same way and have to pay me for the use of
them because I did it first... well, that’s at least how its supposed to
happen. I started for a client the other day and found an app I
created in 1999 that they were using lol... technically I still own that
and should be getting royalties [from] it.” Author Unknown
 Quotations
 “Intellectual work is misnamed; it is a pleasure, a dissipation,
and is its own highest reward.” Mark Twain

 “Copyright law will disintegrate.” Nicholas Negroponte

 From the business point of view – not to overstate it –

intellectual property is dead; long live intellectual process.
Author Unknown

 “If China wants to be a constructive, active player in the world

economy, it’s got to respect intellectual property rights or it
makes it pretty impossible to do business with them.” Dan
Glickman
 Quotations
 “I think that defenders of intellectual property as a societal institution
take it as given that enforcing a person's exclusive right to [re]produce
a unique and complicated work is necessary for most people to be
motivated to produce quality unique and complicated things. In other
words, most people will only expend great effort to produce major
innovations if they can be assured they'll profit proportionally to how
popularly their creation sells throughout society, not just locally. In
reductionist terms, intellectual property is an attempt to use greed as
fuel for greater dynamism in the arts and sciences.

Then I think of people like Benjamin Franklin, who never patented any
of his inventions, because he wanted them to be mass produced for
the good of all. He certainly didn't die a poor man.” Author Unknown
What We Will Cover
 Why Goal Setting Fails
 The Value of Intellectual Property
 Copyright Law
 Significant Cases
 Search Engines and Online Libraries
 Free-Speech Issues
 Free Software
 Industrial Property
 Patents
 Trademarks
Why Goal Setting fails (Darren Hardy)
1. Wish List and Cross Your Fingers
You cannot simply write down a list of wants on New Year’s Day,
stick it in a drawer for the rest of the year and wait around for your life
to change.

2. Clear as Mud
Your goals have to be crystal clear. You have to give clear
instructions to your brain in order for it to see and ‘draw’ into your life
what you need to accomplish your goals. Just like the combination on
a lock or the digits in a phone number or an ATM code, if the
instructions are off by only one digit, they won’t work.
Why Goal Setting fails (Darren Hardy)
3. All Talk
Proclaiming your goal is just the starting point. Now you have to actually
draw a map for exactly how you are going to get there and define the
resources you’ll need to arrive safely.

4. Houston We Have a Problem

You must have your own command and control system to keep on track
along your journey into the unknown.

5. Lack of Reinforcements
And don’t forget the support and guidance of people and resources
you will need along the way. Before marching blindly into the next year,
the first, and most important, activity is to take a look back at the year
just finished. Take an inventory, add it all up and see how you did.
The value of IP in our age
 "It is estimated that by 2007, as much as 90% of the
value of the world's top 2000 enterprises will consist of
intellectual property" (PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 2003).

 Up to the present, the regime for the international

protection of patent rights has been developed primarily
in the interests of patentees. The gains to be derived
from an extension of the patent system have been
stressed, but the concomitant increase in social costs
has been seriously neglected. -- E. Penrose, The
Economics of the International Patent System, 1951.
Ignorance of IP Law is no
excuse for infringement
 Sometimes a company infringes another company's rights without
realizing it – so intellectual property laws distinguish deliberate theft
and innocent infringement.
 Ignorance, i.e. not knowing that a work is protected, is not a defense
for either copyright or design right infringement. Since both rights
subsist automatically and there is no public register of protected
works, it can be difficult to know whether something is protected or
not. If in doubt, it is sensible to assume that it is protected and not
copy it without permission. Even when the copyright owner for a
work cannot be traced – such works are known as 'orphan works' –
copying will be infringement if the work enjoys protection (albeit the
copyright owner may never come forward to assert that right).
http://www.out-law.com/page-9794
Intellectual Property and
Changing Technology
What is Intellectual Property?
 The intangible creative work, not its
particular physical form
 Value of intelligence and artistic work
comes from creativity, ideas, research,
skills, labor, non-material efforts and
attributes the creator provides
 Protected by copyright and patent law
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
“The activities in which a country is most
creative and hence, most capable of
developing new domestic capital and the
skills to use it, are ultimately those that offer
the best opportunities
for exploiting available externalities and
developing its distinct comparative
advantage.”
Jamaican Copyright Study, 2007
Source: http://www.jipo.gov.jm/pages/copyright/cr_study.html
Intellectual Property and
Changing Technology (cont.)
What is Intellectual Property? (cont.)
 Copyright holders have exclusive rights:
 To make copies
 To produce derivative works, such as translations into other
languages or movies based on books
 To distribute copies
 To perform the work in public (e.g. music, plays)
 To display the work in public (e.g. artwork, movies, computer
games, video on a Web site)
Types of Intellectual Property
According to WIPO, IP is divided into two (2)
categories:
 Industrial property, which includes inventions
(patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and
geographic indications of source; and
 Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works
such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical
works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings,
photographs and sculptures, and architectural
designs.
Copyright Introduction
 Rights related to copyright include those of
performing artists in their performances,
producers of phonograms in their recordings, and
those of broadcasters in their radio and television
programs.
 Copyright ownership is automatic (once the item
is in tangible form); yet to prove copyright
ownership, one should either complete
registration or use the ‘poor man’s method’ of
proof of ownership.
Copyright Duration
 The law provides for a period of time during which the rights of
the copyright owner exist. The period or duration of copyright
begins from the moment when the work has been created, or,
under some national laws, when it has been expressed in a
tangible form. It continues, in general, until some time after the
death of the author. The purpose of this provision in the law is to
enable the author’s successors to benefit economically from
exploitation of the work after the author’s death.
 In countries party to the Berne Convention, and in many other
countries, the duration of copyright provided for by national law
is as a general rule the life of the author plus not less than 50
years after his death. The European Union, the United States of
America and several others have extended the term of copyright
to 70 years after the death of the author.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
 Under Jamaica’s Copyright Act 1993, copyright
applies to original literary, dramatic, artistic works,
sound recordings, films, broadcasts or cable
programme, typographical arrangements of published
editions are protected by Copyright.
Source: http://www.jipo.gov.jm/

 It is recommended that Copyright owners become

members of recognized Collective Management
Societies, to facilitate the licensing of their rights.
These societies will act on behalf of their members to
negotiate licenses with persons wishing to use the
protected works.
Source: http://www.jipo.gov.jm/
Local IP Jamaican Societies
 Jamaica Music Society Ltd (JAMMS)
Building #2
7 Stanton Terrace
Kingston 6
Tel: 876 978 3275 / 876 322 4245
Email: [email protected]

 The Jamaica Association of Authors

Composers & Publishers (JACAP)
21 Connolley Avenue
Kingston 4
Tel: 948 6439, 948 5937
Email: [email protected]

 Jamaica Copyright Licensing Agency (JAMCOPY)

Building #3, 17 Ruthven Road
Kingston 10
Phone: (876).754.8910
Email: [email protected]

 Intellectual Property Services Centre (IPC)

7 Stanton Terrace
Kingston 6
Phone: (876).946.9442
Fax: (876).978.2338
Email: [email protected]
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
Jamaican Copyright Study (WIPO Commissioned Study)
 In 2006, WIPO on the request of the Jamaican Intellectual
Property Office (JIPO), commissioned the preparation of a
national study on the economic contribution of the copyright-
based industries to Jamaica. Prepared by Dr. Vanus James,
Economist/ Consultant, Mona School of Business and the
University of Technology, the study was finalised in 2007 and
officially launched in March 2008.

 A second comprehensive presentation of the study was

provided during the International Reggae Day Copyright Forum
hosted by JIPO and Jamaica Arts Holding Ltd on July 1, 2008.

 The study forms part of a wider WIPO publication on creative

industries available internationally for academic, reference and
research.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
Objectives of the national study:
 To quantify the economic contribution of copyright and related
rights-based industries in Jamaica by estimating their value
added to GDP, share of national employment and revenue
generated from foreign trade

 To analyse and elaborate on selected copyright-based industries

of importance to Jamaica, their national market structure, value
chain, demand and supply patterns, labor market, policy
framework, support from public and civil sector including the role
of collective management organisation and other copyright
related organisations, financing mechanisms, implications of the
digital environment inter alia.

 To propose policy, strategy and institutional interventions for

encouraging the growth and development of copyright-based
industries in Jamaica.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
Areas of focus:
The copyright sector defined by 4 groups of activities:
 1. ‘Core Copyright Industries’ comprising:
 press and literature,
 music, theatrical productions, and opera
 motion picture, video and sound,
 radio and television,
 photography, visual and graphic arts, related professional and
technical services. Software databases and new media,
 Advertising services,
 Copyright Collective Management Societies.

 2. ‘Interdependent Copyright Industries’

 engaged in the production, manufacture and sale of
equipment that facilitate copyright activity such as TV sets,
radios, DVD players, computers, musical instruments, blank
recording material and paper.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
 3. ‘Partial Copyright activities’
 includes products and services that have a significant
components based on copyright, for example, museums,
jewellery, architecture, furniture design,
 4. 'Non-dedicated Support Industries'
which facilitate the communication and distribution of

copyright-based activities such as general wholesale and
retail, transportation, telephony, the Internet. These
industries facilitate the communication and distribution of
copyright-based activities.
Source of Data:
The study used basic national accounting data on selected sectors
provided by STATIN, the Jamaica 2001 Population Census and the 10
% Census of Economic Activity along with consultations with
stakeholder institutions/ organisations.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
Main findings:
 The study found that in 2005, the copyright sector
contributed J$29 billion in producer’s values at
constant (1996) prices (US$464.7 million), or 4.8 % of
GDP. The sector also accounted for 3.03 % of
employment.

 Of the total 4.8 %, the core copyright industries

accounted for J$10,363.8 million or 35.6 % of the
total. The 3 main contributors were:
 Radio and television broadcasting – J$3578 million (US$57.3
million) or 12.3% of total copyright sector,
 Press and Literature – J$3090.8 million ( US$49.5 million) or
10.6% of total copyright sector,
 Music and Theatrical productions – J$1263.5 million
(US$20.2 million) or 4.34% of total copyright sector.
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
 The 3 remaining industry groupings
contributed
15.5 % (Interdependent), 9.8% (Partial) and 39% (Non-
dedicated support).

 In terms of employment, the core copyright

industries contributed 1.8 % of total employment or 59.3
% of all employment in the copyright sector.

 The highest employment activities were:

 Press and literature – 20% (of copyright)
 Radio and television – 15.7%
 Music and theatrical productions – 9%
 The music sector itself accounted for 6.4 % of
copyright sector employment
Intellectual Property in Jamaica

Source: http://www.jipo.gov.jm/pages/copyright/cr_study.html
Intellectual Property in Jamaica
The study noted that,
 The copyright-based sector can become one of the main
sectors leading the Jamaican economy. However, current
challenges impeding such development include; shortage of
both working capital and real fixed capital as well as skills in the
private (wage employment) sector, combined with an
inadequate protection of loan finance and a community of
traditional capitalists lacking interest in large-scale domestic
capital formation in this sector.
 Successfully realising the sector’s potential will require among
other things:
 Investment in acquiring and producing applicable knowledge
- relevant education and training for practical participation in
the relevant industries.
 Corresponding investment in physical capital assets to
complement the human capital accumulation (above
described). These assets both include public infrastructure
and private physical capital formation.
Intellectual Property and
Changing Technology
Challenges of New Technology:
 Digital technology and the internet has made
copyright infringement easier and cheaper
 New compression technologies have made copying
large files (e.g. graphics, video and audio files)
feasible
 New tools allow us to modify graphics, video and
audio files to make derivative works
 Scanners allow us to change the media of a
copyrighted work, converting printed text, photos, and
artwork to electronic form
Fair Use Doctrine
 Four factors considered
 Purpose and nature of use – commercial (less likely) or non-
profit purposes
 Nature of the copyrighted work
 Amount of significance or portion used
 Effect of use on potential market or value of the copyright
work (will it reduce sales of work?)

 No single factor alone determines

 Not all factors given equal weight, varies by

circumstance
 Favoring Fair Use Opposing Fair use

Purpose Teaching, Research, Scholarship, Commercial activity, profiting from the

criticism, comment, news reporting, activity, entertainment, bad faith behavior,
transformative use (changes the denying credit to original author
work for new utility), restricted use
(to students or other appropriate
group), parody

Nature Published work, factual or non- Unpublished work, highly creative work
fiction based, important to favored (art, music, novel, films, plays), fiction
educational objectives
Amount Small quantity, portion used is not Large portion or whole work used, portion
central to ‘heart’ of the work used is central to ‘heart’ of the work
Amount is appropriate for favored
educational purpose
Effect User owns lawfully acquired or Could replace sale of copyrighted work,
purchased copy of original work, Significantly impairs market or potential
One or few copies made, No market for copyrighted work or
significant effect on the market or derivative, reasonably obtained licensing
potential market for copyrighted agreement for use of copyrighted work,
work, No similar product marketed affordable permission for using work,
by the copyright holder, Lack of numerous copies made, accessible on
licensing mechanism Web or other public forum, repeated or
long term use
 Intellectual Property
Discussion Questions

 How is intellectual property like physical

property?
 How is intellectual property different
than physical property?
 Do you agree with the idea that
someone can "own" intellectual
property?
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases
A bit of history:
 1790 first copyright law passed
 1909 Copyright Act of 1909 defined an unauthorized
copy as a form that could be seen and read visually
 1976 and 1980 copyright law revised to include
software and databases that exhibit "authorship"
(original expression of ideas), included the "Fair Use
Doctrine"
 1982 high-volume copying became a felony
 1992 making multiple copies for commercial
advantage and private gain became a felony
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
A bit of History (cont.):
 1997 No Electronic Theft Act made it a felony to
willfully infringe copyright by reproducing or distributing
one or more copies of copyrighted work with a total
value of more than $1,000 within a six-month period
 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
prohibits making, distributing or using tools to
circumvent technological copyright protection systems
and included protection from some copyright lawsuits
for Web sites where users post material
 2005 Congress made it a felony to record a movie in a
movie theater
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
Significant Cases:
 Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984)
 Supreme Court decided that the makers of a device with
legitimate uses should not be penalized because some
people may use it to infringe on copyright
 Supreme Court decided copying movies for later viewing
was fair use
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
 Sony v. Universal City Studios (1984) (cont.)
 Arguments against fair use
 People copied the entire work
 Movies are creative, not factual
 Arguments for fair use
 The copy was for private, noncommercial use and generally
was not kept after viewing
 The movie studios could not demonstrate that they suffered any
harm
 The studios had received a substantial fee for broadcasting
movies on TV, and the fee depends on having a large audience
who view for free
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
Significant Cases (cont.):
 Reverse engineering: game machines
 Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade Inc. (1992)
 Atari Games v. Nintendo (1992)
 Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix
Corporation (2000)
 Courts ruled that reverse engineering does
not violate copyright if the intention is to make
new creative works (video games), not copy
the original work (the game systems)
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
Sharing music: the Napster case
 Was the sharing of music via Napster fair use?
 Court ruled sharing music via copied MP3 files
violated copyright
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
Sharing music: the Napster case (cont.)
 Napster's arguments for fair use
 The Sony decision allowed for entertainment use to be
considered fair use
 Did not hurt industry sales because users sampled the
music on Napster and bought the CD if they liked it

 RIAA's (Recording Industry Association of America)

arguments against fair use
 "Personal" meant very limited use, not trading with
thousands of strangers
 Songs and music are creative works and users were
copying whole songs
 Claimed Napster severely hurt sales
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
Sharing music: the Napster case (cont.)
 Was Napster responsible for the actions of its users?
Court ruled Napster liable because they had the right and ability
to supervise the system, including copyright infringing activities
 Napster's arguments
 It was the same as a search engine, which is protected
under the DMCA
 They did not store any of the MP3 files
 Their technology had substantial legitimate uses
 RIAA's arguments
 Companies are required to make an effort to prevent
copyright violations and Napster did not take sufficient steps
 Napster was not a device or new technology and the RIAA
was not seeking to ban the technology
Copyright Law and Significant
Cases (cont.)
File sharing: MGM v. Grokster
 Grokster, Gnutella, Morpheus, Kazaa, and others
provided peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing services
 The companies did not provide a central service or lists of
songs
 P2P file transfer programs have legitimate uses
 Lower Courts ruled that P2P does have legitimate
uses
 Supreme Court ruled that intellectual property owners
could sue the companies for encouraging copyright
infringement
Copying and Sharing
International Piracy:
 Some countries do not recognize or protect
intellectual property, e.g. China
 However, Jamaica recognizes intellectual property law
 Review http://www.jipo.gov.jm/
 Countries that have high piracy rates often do not
have a significant software industry
 Many countries that have a high amount of piracy are
exporting the pirated copies to countries with strict
copyright laws
 Economic sanctions often penalize legitimate
businesses, not those they seek to target
Free Software
 Free software - idea, an ethic, advocated and
supported by large, loose-knit group of computer
programmers who allow people to copy, use, and
modify their software
 Free means freedom of use, not necessarily lack of
cost
 Open source - software distributed or made public in
source code (readable and modifiable)
 Proprietary software - (commercial) sold in object
code (obscure, not modifiable) (E.g.: Microsoft Office)
Free Software
Should All Software Be Free?
 Would there be sufficient incentives to produce the
huge quantity of consumer software available now?
 Would the current funding methods for free software
be sufficient to support all software development?
 Should software be covered under copyright law?
 Concepts such as copyleft and the GNU Public
License provide alternatives to proprietary software
within today's current legal framework
 Copyright Law
Discussion Question

 What do you think the impact would be

on creative industries, such as music,
movies and fiction novels, if copyright
laws did not protect their intellectual
property?
 Should software be free?
Patents
 Patents are granted for inventions of
new things or processes; they give the
inventor a monopoly on the invention
for a specified period of time.

 To get a patent, an invention has to be

 “novel,”
 “useful” and
 “non-obvious” to an expert in the field.
Patents (contd.)
 The purposes of patents are similar to those of
copyrights:
 to reward the inventor and
 encourage disclosure and use of the invention so
others benefit from it too.
 Patents differ from copyrights in that they protect an
underlying idea of an invention, not just a particular
expression or implementation of it, and they prohibit
anyone else from using the idea without authorization
of the patent holder, even if the same person
independently came up with the same idea or
invention.
Patents (contd.)
 While there are many different grounds on
which a patent can be invalidated, the most
common one is that the invention is found to be
not novel or obvious in the light of the prior art.

 Prior art basically means any disclosure of the

contents of a claim, prior to the application for
patent. A prior art document is said to
anticipate a claim of a patent if the prior art
document describes all the features of that
claim, either implicitly or explicitly.
Patents for Software?
 Patents protect inventions of new things or
processes

 The Supreme Court said that software could not

be patented; however a machine that included
software could

 Patents are not supposed to be given for things

that are obvious or are already in common use

 The Patent Office has made mistakes

Controversial software patent:
Amazon.com 1-click patent
 Amazon sued Barnes&Noble.com in October 1999 charging that
Barnes&Noble.com had essentially copied Amazon's 1-Click
technology, which allows customers to skip several steps in the
checkout process by presetting credit card and shipping
information. In fall of 1997, Amazon.com submitted a patent
application "A Method and System for Placing a Purchase Order
Via a Communications Network."

 On September 28, 1999, two years & one week after the
application was filed, Amazon was granted United States Patent
Number 5,960,411. It is now known as Amazon's "1-Click"
patent. The patent describes an online system allowing
customers to enter their credit card number and address
information just once so that on follow up visits to the website all
it takes is a single mouse-click to make a purchase from their
website.
Controversial software patent:
Amazon.com 1-click patent
 Amazon sued Barnes&Noble.com in October 1999
charging that Barnes&Noble.com had essentially
copied Amazon's 1-Click technology, which allows
customers to skip several steps in the checkout
process by presetting credit card and shipping
information.

 The suit set off a firestorm of protest on the Net, with

many charging that the 1-Click technology was not
innovative enough to warrant a patent.
Controversial software patent:
Amazon.com 1-click patent

 In December 1999, Amazon obtained a preliminary

court injunction against Barnesandnoble.com that
prevented its competitor from using the one-click
system, but the injunction was overruled in February
2001.
 The suit also touched off a larger debate over
Internet-related patents. The suit was eventually
settled out of court in 2002 for an undisclosed
amount.
Issues for Software Developers
(cont.)
Patents on Web Technologies:
 Amazon agreed to pay IBM who holds patents for
online catalogs and targeted advertising
 Microsoft was fined $1.5 billion for violating MP3
patents. The decision was voided; the case continues.
 Friendster applied for a patent on its social-networking
Web techniques. While the patent was pending, sites
such as MySpace sprang up. Friendster's patent was
granted and it may now charge licensing fees to
businesses using the technology.
Trademarks
 A trademark is any sign that is capable of being
graphically represented and capable of distinguishing
the goods or services of one undertaking (i.e. any
person, company or business entity) from those of
another undertaking [Trademark Act 1999]
 Examples: “Red Stripe”, “Grace”, “Island Grill”,
“Mothers”, “Cooyah”, “Reggae Boyz”, “Starfish Oils”,
“Ting”.
 Trade Mark protection is enforceable in the Courts by
civil or criminal action.
Trademarks
1. A Trade Mark protects the proprietor’s right of ownership and
interest in the Mark, by ensuring that the proprietor has the
exclusive right to use the Mark to identify his goods and/or
services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment.
2. A registered Trade Mark enables a proprietor to guarantee the
quality of goods and standard of services for which the Mark is
used. As the proprietor has exclusive rights of use of the Mark,
he can ensure that the Mark is only used upon goods of a
certain quality, or services which meet a certain standard. Where
he consents to other persons using the Mark under a license
agreement, he is still able to ensure that the goods and/or
services to which the Mark relates, meet his standard of quality
so as to protect his reputation and goodwill in the market.
Trademarks
3. A Trade Mark also forms part of the promotion of the goods and/or
services. It is often designed to appeal to the consumer, to create
interest and to inspire a feeling of confidence in the goods or
services to which it relates.
4. Trade Mark protection also restricts the efforts of unfair
competitors, such as counterfeiters, from using similar distinctive
signs to market or promote goods or services of inferior quality, or
different goods or services.

How long does a trademark last?

The period of protection of a Trade Mark is for ten (10) years upon
registration, and this period can be renewed indefinitely, that is, for
every ten (10) years, thereafter.
Quotes on Intellectual Property
Do I need permission to use quotes
from another source in my work?
 Perhaps. However, this would depend on several
factors, including:
 Whether copyright still exists in the work that you
wish to quote from - the duration of copyright in
literary work lasts for the life of the author and for 70
years from the end of the calendar in which the
author dies. Within this period, you may need to get
permission from the current copyright owner.
 There may not be a problem if any exceptions to
copyright apply. However, these generally permit only
very limited use of copyright material without
permission.
Quotes on Intellectual Property
Do I need permission to use quotes from
another source in my work? (contd.)
 There may not be a problem if you copy less than a
substantial part of the work. Although a quote may
appear to be a small part of the entire work, if the
particular quote has assumed great importance, the
courts may, though, consider it to be a 'substantial
part'. If this is the case, you would again need to get
permission to use it from the current copyright owner.
 You should also be aware that material on the
Internet is protected by copyright in the same way as
material printed in a book or any other format. But
exceptions to copyright may also apply on-line.
However, a check should be made as to whether or
not any such material has been legally placed on the
internet.
Quotes on Intellectual Property
Do I need permission to use quotes from
another source in my work? (contd.)
 A copyright or disclaimer notice on the website may
provide information as to what is or is not acceptable
to the owner of copyright, along with any contact
details. However, you should not assume that
quotes you can find on websites have been put
there with the copyright owner's permission.

Source: http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-other/c-other-faq/c-other-faq-type/c-other-faq-type-quotes.htm
Five Principles of Goal Setting
To motivate, goals must have:
 Clarity
 Challenge
 Commitment
 Feedback
 Task complexity
Source: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_87.htm
New Directions in Goal Setting Theory
“Goals, in conjunction with self-efficacy
(task-specific confidence; Bandura, 1997),
often mediate or partially mediate the
effects of other potentially motivating
variables, such as personality traits,
feedback, participation in decision making,
job autonomy, and monetary incentives.”
Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham