Chapter 2 Wave Guides
Chapter 2 Wave Guides
TL WG
Propagation Can support other field
Can only support TEM configurations. i.e: TE, TM,
Mode Hybrid mode
At Become inefficient due Use at microwave frequency
Microwave to skin effect and to obtain larger bandwidth
dielectric losses and lower signal attenuation
Frequency
Frequency Operate above a certain
Operate from dc (f=0)
frequency called cutoff
Operation to a very high
frequency below which WG
frequency
are useless (High-Pass Filter)
Advantages of WG over TL
• Low loss.
loss That is, the wave travels along the
guide without greatly attenuating as it goes.
• Routeable.
Routeable This means that we can gently
bend the guiding structure without losing
contact with the wave, without generating
reflections, and without incurring much
additional loss.
WG
RECTANGULAR CIRCULAR
(RW: Rigid Waveguides)
In Phasor form:
E x, y, z E x, y e z
E
2
E
E2
z 2
2
H 2
H
z 2
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
• From our knowledge, for a lossless medium,
Maxwell’s equations in phasor form will become:
Homogeneous Helmholtz’s equations
2 2
Es k Es 0 (2.1)
2 2
Hs k Hs 0 (2.2)
2 2
Es k Es 0
2 2 2
2
k Es 0
x 2 y 2 z 2
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
• In this case,
Es (E xs E ys , E zs ) (2.4)
H s (H xs , H ys , H zs ) (2.5)
In this case, X(x), Y(y) and Z(z) are the functions of x, y and z
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
• Substitute Eq. 2.7 into 2.6 and divide by XYZ will yield:
X" Y" Z"
k 2 (2.8)
X Y Z
k 2x k 2y 2 k 2 (2.9)
Z" 2 Z 0 (2.9c)
E zs E ys
jH xs
y z
E xs E zs
jH ys
z x
E ys E xs
jH zs
x y
IN SUMMARY:
E zs E ys
1 jH xs (2.14a)
y z
H zs H ys (2.14b)
2 jE xs
y z
E xs E zs
3 jH ys (2.14c)
z x
H xs H zs
4 jE ys (2.14d)
z x
E ys E xs (2.14e)
5 jH zs
x y
H ys H xs
6 jE zs (2.14f)
x y
Our goal now is to express
Exs, Eys, Hxs and Hys in
terms of Ezs and Hzs
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
• If we combine Eq. 2.14b and 2.14c, we will get:
H zs 1 2 E xs 2 E zs
jE xs (2.15)
y j z 2 xz
• From Eq. 2.11 and 2.12, all the field components
vary with z according to e z . Thus,
E zs ~e z E xs ~e z
,
• Thus,
E zs 2
E
E zs , xs 2E
z 2 xs
z
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
• From here, Eq. 2.15 will become:
H zs 1 2 E zs
jE xs E xs
y j x
OR:
1 2 2 E zs H zs
( )E xs
j j x y
If we let: h 2 2 2 2 k 2
Where: h is Eigenvalue problem)
E zs j H zs
E xs
h 2 x h 2 y
RECTANGULAR WG: Derivation
conductor
k
Recall:
In plane waves of lossless dielectric, α=0 ,
THE ULTIMATE GOAL!
Our goal is to express Exs, Eys, Hxs and
Hys in terms of Ezs and Hzs
Where: E 0 A 2 A 4
• Eq. 2.17b and 2.17d when applied to Eq. 2.18 require that:
sin k x a 0 and sin k y b 0
• This implies that:
k x a m, m = 1,2,3,…
Only positive integer
k y b n n = 1,2,3,…
1) CASE A (CUTOFF)
2) CASE B (EVANESCENT)
3) CASE C ( PROPAGATION)
CASE A (CUTOFF)
m 2 n 2
2 2
If: k
a b
0 OR 0
The value of ω that causes this is called
the cutoff angular frequency, ωc where:
1 m 2 n 2 (2.23)
c
a b
RECALL: h 2 2 k 2 k 2x k 2y
j
CASE B (EVANESCENT)
2 n 2
2 2
m
If: k
a b
•In this case, we will NOT have any wave propagation at all.
•These nonpropagating or attenuating modes are said
to be evanescent.
• Purely Reactive no power flow associated with evanescent waves.
CASE C (PROPAGATION)
2 2
2 2 m n
If: k
a b
j and 0
From this limitation, the phase constant, β will become:
2 n 2
m
k2 From Eq. 2.22
a b
This is the ONLY case that propagation will take place
Z e jZ .
because all field components will have the factor of e
REFER TABLE 1
Imagine a High-Pass Filter
PROPAGATION
ω
Evanescent
ωc
Cutoff
Cutoff Frequency, fc
• For EACH mode, there will be a corresponding cutoff
frequency, fc
• Definition: The frequency below which attenuation occurs
and above which propagation takes place
• As mentioned before, a waveguide also acts as a high-pass
filter. Thus, it has its own cutoff frequency.
• From Eq. 2.23, the cutoff frequency is:
c 1 m
2 n 2
u ' m 2 n 2
fc OR fc
2 2 a b 2 a b
1
Where u ' phase velocity of uniform plane wave in the lossless
dielectric medium ( 0, , ) filling the waveguide.
Cutoff Wavelength, λc
c u' (2.24)
fc
OR
2
c
2 2 (2.25)
m n
a b
Phase Constant, β
2
f
1 c
f
OR
2
fc
' 1
f
2
fc
' 1
f
Phase Velocity, u ph (or v ph , u p, v p )
u ph
λ in the WG Different from λc
2 u ph
f
RECALL:
m and n indicate the number of half-cycle variations
in the x-y cross section of the guide.
TE Modes
• In this type of mode, the electric field, E is transverse (or
normal) to the direction of propagation. T
• The procedure is the same as the previous mode but in this
case we set E z 0
• First let us determine the boundary condition:
• Dominant mode
Mode with the lowest cutoff frequency from both
modes (i.e.: TE AND TM mode)
To Summarize:
TE Modes TM Modes
Lowest-Order TE10
Mode
TM11
for a>b
ηTE ≠ ηTM
ηTE
Ex Ey
TE
Hy Hx
(for TM : )
1
2
fc
1
f
'
OR: TE
2
c
f
1
f
Variation of ηTE and ηTM
ηTE and ηTM are purely
resistive and they vary with
frequency as can be seen in the figure
u'
f c10
2a
c10 2a
You have to also note that any EM wave with frequency f f c10 (or c10 )
will not be propagated in the guide since TE10 is the dominant mode.
Usable Frequency Range
• Single mode propagation is highly desirable
to reduce dispersion
• This occurs between cutoff frequency for
TE10 mode and twice that frequency
• It’s not good to use guide at the extremes of
this range. WHY?
Note: The keyword is Single Mode Propagation
WHY ?
1 f c 2b f c
2
c TE10 1
b f c
2
a f c
c 1 f
c when f f c f
fc
TE 01 TE 02
TE11
TE10 TE 20
b/a=1 TM11
f c / f c TE
10
1 2
a a
b
b E E E
TE10 TE20
EXAMPLE 1
• By using Table 1, write down and sketch
the instantaneous field expressions of
E xs , E ys, E zs,H xs, H ys,H zs
for TE10 mode.
Hints: You have to convert from phasor form to time domain
Recall that:
2. Now you have to convert into time domain in the form below:
H z Re(H zse j t ) Time Domain
3. Solve the equation above and you will end up getting this expression
x
H z H o cos cos wt z Time Domain Done!
a
4. Sketch the variation of Hz with x from the expression in Step 4
(on the next slide)
slide
Amplitude, A H o cos t
At z = 0;
At z = 0;
a
Amplitude, A H o sin t
EXAMPLE 2
• A rectangular waveguide with dimensions
a=2.5cm and b=1cm is to operate below
15.1GHz. How many TE and TM modes
can the waveguide transmit if the guide is
filled with a medium characterized by σ=0,
ε=4εo, μr=1? Calculate the cutoff
frequencies of the modes.
Hints:
1. Let us fix m first
TE01, TE02, TE03,… Maximum n = 2
2. Fix n
TE10, TE20, TE30, TE40, TE50, TE60Maximum m = 5
3. Set n=1,
n=1 TE11, TM11, TE21, TM21,TE31, TM31,TE41, TM41,
TE51, TM51
4. Set n=2,
n=2 TE12, TM12, TE22, TM22, TE32, TM32, TE42, TM42,
TE52, TM52
5. It is evident that fix m and increase n will quickly give us
fc,mn>15.1GHz
Answer:
Answer:
For TE10, β=615.6rad/m; uph=1.5381 X 108 m/s; ηTE=192.4Ω
For TM11, β=529.4rad/m; uph=1.78 X 108 m/s; ηTM=158.8Ω
EXAMPLE 4
An air-filled 5-by 2-cm waveguide has:
at 15GHz.
(a) What mode is being propagated?
(b) Find β
(c) Determine Ey/Ex
When n and m
uu = u’
are both different
from zero, four
plane waves result
from the decomposition
• From the zigzag paths, we are going to have three types
of velocity:
1. Medium velocity, u’ 2. The phase velocity, uph
lAC Velocity at which constant phase are
u' propagated down the guide
t AC
lAD
uph = ω/β
Thus, u ' 1 t AD
u' u'
u
Hence, ph
cos fc 2
1
f
HINT:
Indefinite Integral
2 x sin 2ax Answer: Eo = 63.77V/m
sin ax dx C
2 4a
Attenuation in Lossy
Waveguides
• When the dielectric medium is lossy (σ ≠ 0) and the guide
walls are not perfectly conducting (σc ≠ ∞), there will be a
continuous loss of power as the wave propagates along the
guide.
• Thus, the power flow in the guide will be in the form of:
Pave Po e 2 z
If 1
b b 2 2
2 m n 2
c |TE
2R s 1 b f c a a 1 f c
2 a f 2 f
f b
b' 1 c m2 n 2
f a2
αc for TE10
2R s 1 b f 2
c
c |TE10
2 2 a f
fc
b' 1
f
αc for TMmn
2R s 3 2
b a m n 2
c |TM
2 b a 2 m2 n 2
fc
b' 1
f
αd for both TE and TM Modes
'
d
2
fc
2 1
f
Skin Resistance, Rs
• Rs for both TE and TM modes can be defined as the skin
resistance of the wall.
• It may be regarded as the resistance of 1m by δ by 1 m of
the conducting material. It can be written as:
1 f
Rs
c c
Resonant Frequency, fr
From Eq. 2.35; 2f r r u '
u' m 2 n 2 p 2
Thus, fr
2 a b c
Resonant Wavelength, λr
u' 2
r
fr 2 2 2
m n p
a b c
NOTE THAT:
TE Modes TM Modes
Lowest-Order TE101
Mode
TM110
for a > b < c
2x 3y 12
E z 5 sin sin cos10 t z V / m
a b
y 1 2
o o o ,2.25o
2.5cm
x z
5cm
2 1
Hint:
2 1
PLEASE STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ 2!