One-Dimensional Continuous Groups
One-Dimensional Continuous Groups
One-Dimensional Continuous Groups
cos sin
R ei e j R R
j
i
sin cos
cos sin
R e R e2 e1 e2
cos
sin
1
x ei x i x E2
R : E2 E2
x R x R ei x i e j R i x i e j x j
j
by x
x j R
j
i
xi
Rotation is length preserving:
x x j xj R x i R j xk x x i xi
2 j k 2
i
R i R j i k R RT E
j k
and R 2 n R nZ
identity element E R 0
d R
i R J with R 0 E
d
Theorem 6.3: Generator J of SO(2)
R ei J
Comment:
• Structure of a Lie group ( the part that's connected to E ) is
determined by a set of generators.
• These generators are determined by the local structure near E.
• Properties of the portions of the group not connected to E are
determined by global topological properties.
0 i
J y Pauli matrix
i 0
J is traceless, Hermitian, & idempotent ( J2 = E )
2 j 2 j 1
j j 1
R ei J E i J
j 0 2 j ! j 1 2 j 1 !
cos sin
E cos i J sin
sin cos
6.3. IRs of SO(2)
Let U() be the realization of R() on V.
U 2 U 1 U 1 2 U 1 U 2 U 2 n U
U d E i d J U e i J
U 2 n U e i 2 n e i m Z
IR Um : J m m m U m m m e i m
m = 0: U 0 1 Identity representation
m = 1: U 1 ei SO(2) mapped clockwise onto unit circle in C plane
m = 1: U 1 e i … counterclockwise …
m = n: U n e i n
SO(2) mapped n times around unit circle in C plane
cos sin
Representation R is reducible
sin cos
0 i 1
J has eigenvalues 1 with eigenvectors e e1 i e2
i 0 2
J e e R e e e i
R U 1 U 1
Problem 6.2
6.4. Invariant Integration Measure,
Orthonormality & Completeness Relations
Finite group g Continuous group dg
Issue 1: Different parametrizations
f g dφ f g φ dφ d1 d n
Let G = { g() } & define d g
d g f g d g f g g g g ξ g G
G G
Since d g f g 1
d g f g g d gg f g g M G
M g M M
d g d g g g G
Let d g ξ g d ξ g
d g g ξ g g d ξ g g g ξ g g g ξ g g ξ g
d g d g g ξ g d ξ g ξ g g d ξ g g
0 d ξ e ξ g d ξ g g e, ξe 0
From g ξ g g g ξ g g ξ g one can determine the (vector) function :
ξ g g χ ξ g ; ξ g ξ g χ 0 ; ξ g g e
d ξ g J ξ g d ξe where J ξ g det J ξ g
i
i ξ g ; ξ g
J ξ g
i
j gj
ξg 0
d ξe 0
g ξ g e 0 e
d ξg J ξ g e(0) is arbitrary
;
J 1 Setting e(0) = 1 completes proof.
0
Theorem 6.6: Orthonormality & Completeness Relations for SO(2)
2
d †
U n U m nm Orthonormality
0
2
n
U n
U n
†
Completeness
Comments:
• These relations are generalizations of the finite group results with
g dg
• Cf. results for Td ( roles of continuous & discrete labels reversed )
6.5. Multi-Valued Representations
m-valued representations :
Comments:
• Multi-connected manifold multi-valued IRs:
• For SO(2): group manifold = circle Multi-connected because
paths of different winding numbers cannot be continuously deformed
into each other.
• Only single & double valued reps have physical correspondence in
3-D systems ( anyons can exist in 2-D systems ).
6.6. Continuous Translational Group in 1-D
R() ~ translation on unit circle by arc length
Similarity between reps of R(2) & Td
T x T x T x x
T 0 x0 x0 0 x0 E x0 x0 T 0 E
T1 T x x R is a 1-parameter Abelian Lie group
T x ei P x
P p p p U p x p p ei p x pR
Comments:
1. IRs of SO(2), Td & T1 are all exponentials: e–i m , e–i knb & e–i p x, resp.
Cause: same group multiplication rules.
2. Group parameters are
continuous & bounded for SO(2) = { R() }
discrete & unbounded for Td = { T(n) }
continuous & unbounded for T1 = { T(x) }
Invariant measure for T1: d g C dx
dx †
2 p
U x U p
x p p Orthonormality
dp p
2 U x U p x x x
†
Completeness
SO(2) Td T1
Orthonormality mn (k–k) (p–p)
Completeness (–) nn (x–x)
6.7. Conjugate Basis Vectors
Reminder: 2 kind of basis vectors for Td.
• |x localized state T n x x nb
• |Ek extended normal mode T n E k E k ei k n b
uE , k x x Ek H Ek E Ek
For SO(2):
• | = localized state at ( r=const, ) U 0 0
• | m = eigenstate of J & R() U m m ei m
U 0 m m
m
U m
m m U 0 †
0 m 0 ei m
Setting m 0 1 gives m ei m m
transfer matrix elements m | = representation function e–i m
m
m ei m m ei m
2 2
d i m
d i mm
2
e m 2
e
m
m m m m
0 m 0
m m ei m m
m m
2 2
d d i m
m m m e
0
2 0
2
J J m ei m m m ei m i
m m
1 1
J is Hermitian: J J
i i
1
J in the x-representation
i
x p T x 0
T is unitary
p ei p x p 0 ei p x
p | 0 set to 1
dp dp
x
2
p p x
2
p ei p x
d p
p p p p
i p p x
d x ei p x x
2
p
dx e
d p
dp d p i p x x
x x x p e i p x e x x
2
2
d x ei p p x 2 p p
p p dx e i px
p x
2 ways to expand an arbitrary state | :
dx x x dx x x
dp
2
p p
dp
2
p p
dp
x x p d p i px
e p
2
x p
2
p p x d x e i p x x
dx p x
dp
i p x
P x P p e i x
2 x
1 1
P+ =P: x P Px x x
i x i x
1
P on V = span{ | x } P = linear momentum
i x