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  • Cell Types and Tissues of Humans

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    There are four main types of human tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs. Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. The main types are loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and adipose tissue. Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals through neurons. Membranes such as skin and mucous membranes also line body cavities. Cell junctions like tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions allow communication between cells.

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    Tissues Cell Types

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    There are four main types of human tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs. Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. The main types are loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and adipose tissue. Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals through neurons. Membranes such as skin and mucous membranes also line body cavities. Cell junctions like tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions allow communication between cells.

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    22 views23 pages

    Cell Types and Tissues of Humans

    Uploaded by

    gcodougan
    There are four main types of human tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs. Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. The main types are loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and adipose tissue. Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals through neurons. Membranes such as skin and mucous membranes also line body cavities. Cell junctions like tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions allow communication between cells.

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    of 23

    Cell Types and Tissues of

    Humans
    Human Tissue Types

    Epithelia

    Connective

    Muscle

    Nervous
    Epithelial Tissue
    Sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells

    Covers outside of the body (skin or epidermis) &


    lines organs & cavities inside body (endothelium)

    Classified by numbers of layers & shape of cells

    Functions
    Absorb nutrients
    Lubricate a surface
    Secrete chemicals by glands
    Types of Epithelial Cells
    Glands
    Endocrine - secretion into the blood to carry
    chemical messages throughout the body

    Exocrine - secretion into ducts to body surface or


    cavities
    Unicellular – goblet cell
    Multicellular
    Connective Tissue
    Not tightly packed - cells scattered throughout
    extracellular matrix
    Binds & supports other tissues, protects and
    insulates
    Main elements
    Ground substance – proteins and interstitial fluid
    Fibers – collagen, elastic, reticular (also collagen-like)
    Cells
    • Fibroblasts - secretes collagen
    • Macrophages - amoeboid cells that roam matrix eating bacteria
    and dead cells
    Examples: cartilage, bone, blood, adipose
    Loose Connective Tissue
    Functions
    Bind epithelia to underlying tissues
    Hold organs in place
    Transport of materials

    Types
    Areolar – cushions organs, holds tissue fluid
    Adipose – stores fat in cells, highly vascularized
    Reticular – network of fibers, mostly in blood
    Areolar Connective Tissue
    Fibrous Connective Tissue
    Dense, tightly woven, in parallel bundles

    Collagen fibers with scattered fibroblasts

    Types
    Tendons - connect muscle to bone
    Ligaments - connect bone to bone at joints
    Cartilage - flexible; nose, ears, between
    vertebrae
    Bone - hardest connective
    Connective Tissues
    More Connective Tissues
    Connective Tissues Types Summary
    Muscle Tissue

    Skeletal

    Cardiac

    Smooth
    Skeletal (striated) muscle
    Attaches to bones

    Moves the skeleton

    Voluntary - under conscious nervous control

    Striated (striped) appearance


    Cardiac (heart) muscle

    Striated w/ intercalated disks

    Cells only contain a single nucleus

    Under control of autonomic nervous system


    Smooth muscle

    Lacks the striations of skeletal muscle

    Involuntary muscle, under autonomic


    control

    Visceral muscle - operates the gut; found in


    iris of eye, base of hairs, uterus
    Nervous Tissue
    Branched neurons
    with long cellular
    processes and
    support cells

    Transmits electrical
    signals from sensory
    receptors to
    effectors

    Found in the brain,


    spinal cord, and
    peripheral nerves
    Body Membranes

    Cutaneous – skin

    Mucous – line body cavities which open to


    exterior such as digestive, respiratory,
    urogenital tracts

    Serous – line closed body cavities


    Tissue Repair
    Inflammation
    Capillaries dilate and become permeable
    Clot forms

    Clot replaced with granulation tissue, which has


    new blood vessels and collagen fibers

    Macrophages digest original clot

    Surface epithelium regenerates and the scab


    detaches
    Cell Junctions
    Glycoproteins act as adhesive

    Adjacent cell membranes fit together

    Special junctions
    Tight junction
    Desmosome
    Gap junction
    Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction

    Integral proteins in
    neighboring cells fuse
    together

    Prevent molecules from


    passing through
    extracellular space (ex:
    epithelial cells in
    digestive tract)
    Membrane Junctions: Desmosome

    Anchors neighboring
    cells to each other

    Protein filaments link


    plaques in adjacent cells
    to each other

    Distributes tension
    from pulling forces and
    reduces tearing
    Membrane Junctions: Gap Junction

    Communication
    between neighboring
    cells

    Allow ion passage,


    so in cardiac and
    smooth muscle

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