Funding For Cleaner Technologies.: Done By: Sanskar and Rushil

FUNDING FOR
CLEANER
TECHNOLOGIES.
Done by :
Sanskar and Rushil
 Clean technology (clean tech) is a general
term used to describe products, processes or
NEED FOR
services that reduce waste and require as CLEANER
few non-renewable resources as possible.
 Examples: wind power, solar energy, biofuels,
TECHNOLO
geothermal energy, nuclear energy, energy GIES
storage, fuel efficiency, etc.. • What are clean
 Many of these technologies are readily technologies?
available to reduce carbon emissions. • How do they effect the
environment?
 They also help in efficiently using fossil fuels.
• Why do we need
 They also use low-or-no emission power cleaner technologies?
generating methods.
• How do they affect the
 Even though this technology cannot bring global scenario?
down carbon emissions to the acceptable • Are they useful in the
levels it still helps in controlling global current situation?
warming on a small scale.
 Within governments, the priority attached to
innovation in energy R&D is falling steadily FUNDING FOR
over the years.
CLEANER
 Private sector spending on energy R&D is
growing rapidly over the years. TECHNOLOGI
 Developed countries have been playing a ES
leading role in the development of climate- • Is it important for
smart technology, as they possess far more private firms and
greater resources than other developing governments to be
countries. involved in activities
leading to innovation
 Most of these investments were concentrated and development of
in 3 countries: China, Brazil and India. low emissions
technologies and
 Funding for cleaner technologies has environmentally
opportunity costs. friendly sources of
energy?
 Governments should take the effort to
promote private sector funding and
participation to increase technological
innovations in this area.
FUNDING FOR CLEANER
TECHNOLOGIES
Government funding for Private funding for
energy R&D energy R&D
 Fell from over 20% in  Estimated at $40 billion
1980 to less than 4% in to $60 billion a year.
2007.  Spending on energy R&D
 Spending on energy R&D is not a priority here as it
is a priority here. represents a mere 0.5%
of the revenue, when
compared to other
industries like
electronics(8%) and
pharmaceuticals(15%).
ELIMINATING
 Subsidies encourage the production and consumption ENVIRONMENT
of subsidised goods.
 When environmentally damaging production activities
ALLY HARMFUL
are subsidised, they result in greater production SUBSIDIES
which leads to greater environmental damage.
• How do subsidies
 Examples: industrial forestry encourage commercial affect the
logging, resulting in destruction of forests causing environment?
loss of natural habitat to the wildlife living there.
• Why do we need to
 Consumption subsidies are commonly imposed on eliminate
fossil fuel energy, agricultural inputs and water. environmentally
 Both consumption and production subsidies are a harmful subsidies?
result of ‘policy failure’ involving the pursuit of a
policy for one purpose that creates problems in
another area (here environmental destruction).
 Subsidies should always be studied for environmental
impacts and should be eliminated accordingly.
 Subsidies are often granted to promote the
industrial sector by keeping costs down, to ELIMINATING
promote international competitiveness of
industrial products (by making them less ENVIRONMENT
expensive in international markets through ALLY HARMFUL
lower costs of production).
SUBSIDIES
 To support domestic fuel production to
• What are subsidies in
ensure adequate domestic supply and to the case of fossil fuels?
reduce reliance on foreign energy sources
(for countries that are fossil fuel producers).
• How do the
governments around
 To keep fuel prices down for consumers. the world massively
underfund the
 The effect of subsidies on fossil fuels are technological
entirely inconsistent with the pursuit of innovation in the area
sustainable development. of energy?
 A graph is depicted on the next slide as to

how governments massively underfund
technological innovations in the area of
energy.
ELIMINATING
ENVIRONMENT
ALLY HARMFUL
SUBSIDIES
• How do the
governments around
the world massively
underfund the
technological
innovation in the area
of energy
THE ROLE OF
INTERNATIONAL
CO-OPERATION.
Done by:
Sanskar and Rushil
 Policies are mainly made by national
governments. WHY IS CO-
 The overuse of common access resources OPERATION AMONG
has often led to international
repercussions.
CENTRAL GOVTS.
IMPORTANT?
 Due to this the co-operation among govts
Co-operation between
is very important as a method of national/central
controlling and preventing negative governments of different
consequences due to exploitation of countries are necessary
certain resources, such as fossil fuels or because decisions have
to be made looking at
ozone layer. the whole planet rather
 Co-operation among govts is very than just looking at one’s
nation. So collaboration
important for the development of new here would be very
technologies intended to deal with global helpful.
issues.
 Co-operation between govts can be both
global and regional.
Montreal Protocol WHAT IS
INTERNATIONA
 One of the most successful international L
collaborations for the environment is the
Montreal Protocol (signed in 1987 coming
COLLABORATI
into effect in 1989). ON?
 The Montreal Protocol on Substances
Collaboration is where
that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an two or more central
international treaty designed to protect governments work
the ozone layer by phasing out the together to realize or
achieve a goal or project
production of numerous substances that successfully.
are responsible for ozone depletion.
 By 2009 all member states had ratified
the agreement and significant progress
has been made in the area of phasing out
ozone depleting substances.
Kyoto Protocol
WHAT IS
 Another major (even though it was not that INTERNATIONAL
successful) international collaborative COLLABORATIO
agreement for the environment is the Kyoto
protocol of 1997-2012. N?
 It’s objective was to make signatory countries Collaboration is where
two or more central
commit themselves to reduce emissions of governments work
CO2 and other greenhouse gases over a period together to realize or
of 15 years. achieve a goal or project
 To slow down the problem of global warming successfully.
and climate change.
 It also contained provisions for development of
a market of tradable emissions permits,
according to which, each participating country
was to be assigned certain pollution permits
which it would be able to trade with other
countries.
Kyoto Protocol WHY WAS IT
NOT
 Many environmental specialists argued
SUCCESSFU
that even if it were implemented, the L?
agreed reductions in emissions were too The percentage of
small to have sufficient impact on the positive climate change
that was expected itself
problem of global warming. was to less it was so less
that it almost made no
 While there have been numerous
difference. And thus is
discussions on a successor agreement was not considered
to the Kyoto protocol, nothing concrete successful.
has emerged as of summer 2011.
 A more successful regional collaborative
WHAT IS
arrangement is the European Union’s REGIONAL
cap and trade scheme for carbon,
known as the European Union Emissions COLLABORA
Trading System(EUETS). TION?
 Initiated in January 2005. Regional collaboration is
when collaborative effort
 The scheme covers the sectors of power is taken by all the govts.
of a region for a cause
and heat generation, oil refineries,
greater than just politics.
metals, pulp and paper, and other
energy intensive industry.
 In this system, one permit, or EU
Allowance(EUA) permits the holder to
release 1 tonne of CO2.
 Each emitter of carbon is allocated
EUA’s, which are traded in a rapidly
growing carbon market.
THANKS FOR
WATCHING
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 A graph is depicted on the next slide as to

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