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Media Access Protocol
Media Access Protocol
•Media access control (MAC)is a sub layer of the data link layer (DLL) in
the seven layer OSI network reference model. MAC is responsible for
the transmission of data packets to and from the network interface card,
and to and from another remotely shared channel
•Each station knows the identity of the stations preceding and following
it . There is no relation between the physical location of a station on the
bus and its sequence
Media Access Control:
•Access to the interconnecting bus is regulated by a control frame
known as the TOKEN
•At a time only one station holds the token and has the right to transmit
it s one or more data frames on the bus.
•Each frame carries source and destination addresses
•All station are ready to receive frames at any time except when holding
a token
•The token must be released before time out.
•The token is released with the address of the next station in the logical
sequence and the next station takes it over
•In one cycle each station gets an opportunity to transmit
•It is possible to give more than one opportunity to a station in one cycle
by assigning more than one address to it
•To maintain continuity of communication, it is necessary for each
station to take over the token when its turn comes, even if it does not
have any data to transmit. It can release the token immediately for the
next station
Frame Structure
•Control frames are used for initialization of the bus and for
adding/removing a station
Name Function
Claim token frame Claim token during ring initialization
Solicit Successor frame Allow station to enter the ring
Set Successor Frame Allow station to leave the ring
Who Follows Frame Recover from the lost token
Physical Specification :
•Two types of transmission system used are operating at data rates of
1,5 or 10 Mbps
• Carrierband (single channel)
•Broadband (multiple channel)
Carrierband Broadband
Single channel Multiple channel
Bidirectional Unidirectional
Transmission transmission
FSK Modulation Phase and amplitude
modulation
Contention Access
•There is no schedule time or sequence for station to transmit on the
medium
•They compete for the use of the medium which leads to collision of the
data frames due to simultaneous transmission.
• To avoid this Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) is used in local area network
Pure ALOHA
• A station can transmit whenever it wants. There is no pre-assigned
time or sequence
•If a station starts to transmit when another transmission is already in
progress, collision will occur but there will be some instances when
transmission will reach the destination without any collision
•A mechanism to detect collision is established(e.g. ACK). Collision is
assumed to have occurred and the message is retransmitted if the
acknowledgement is not received within a specified time
•Efficiency of pure ALOHA is 0.18 since large time is wasted in collision
Slotted ALOHA:
•The channel is divided into time slot's
•The stations are allowed to transmit at specific instants of time
•The efficiency is 0.37
1-Persistent CSMA
•In this scheme, station wishing to transmit monitor the channel
continuously until the channel is idle and then transmit immediately .
•The problem with scheme, is that if two station are waiting to transmit,
then they will always collide and require retransmission
p-Persistent CSMA
•In this scheme, not all the waiting station are allowed to transmit
immediately after the channel is idle
•A waiting station transmits with probability “p” if the channel is idle
CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
•In this, if the station receives other transmission while it is transmitting
,a collision can be detected as soon, as it occurs and transmission of the
wasted frame can be abandoned
•When a collision is detected, the transmitting station release a jam
signal to alert the other stations of the collision
• Meanwhile the other stations do not attempt to transmit again
immediately after a collision has occurred
•The stations are given a random back off delay for retry. If collision
repeats back off delay is progressively increased
Frame Format
Start Delimiter(SD): one octet long unique bit pattern, marks the start
of the data or token frame
Access Control(AC):one octet long field containing priority bits (P), token
bit(T), monitoring bit (M) and reservation bits (R)
Frame Control: one octet long field and indicates the type of frame,
data frame or control frame
Destination Address (DA): 2 OR 6 octets long
Source Address(SA): 2 OR 6 octets long
Data Field: Zero or more octets, no maximum size but the frame
transmission time is limited by token holding timer
Frame Check Sequence(FCS): 4 octets long and contains the CRC code. It
checks on DA,SA,FC and data fields
End Delimiter(ED): 1 octet long and contains unique bit pattern marking
the end of the token or data frame
Frame Status: 1 octet long and contains two address recognized bits (A),
frame copied bits (C) and reserved bits (X)
Binary Synchronous
Communication Data link
Protocol (BISYNC)
Binary Synchronous Communication Data link Protocol (BISYNC)
Types of Stations
•Two types of station
•Point to point communication
•Point to multi point communication
•Master slave relationship between two communicating stations
•Station which sends the megs is designated as master
•Station which receives the megs and send acknowledgment is
designated as slave
Point to Point Communication
•Communication between two hosts
•Two stations contend for master status whenever they want to
transmit message
•One station is designated as control station which delegates master
or slave status to other depending on which station is to transmit
messages
Transparency
•Achieved by ensuring that the unique flag sequence (01111110)does
not occur in the address, control, information and FCS field
•A technique called ‘zero stuffing’ is used
•At sending end an extra ‘0’bit is inserted after five contiguous “1”s
occurring anywhere after the opening flag and before the closing flag
•At the receiving end, the extra ‘0’ bit following five contiguous ‘1’s is
deleted
• zero stuffing is performed before the flags are appended to the rest of
the frame
•Therefore any sequence of bits (including the flag sequence) can be
transmitted in the address, control, information and FCS fields without
affecting the data link control operation