Animal - Development (Kel 1-5)
Animal - Development (Kel 1-5)
Development
Chapter 8
Key Events in Development
Development describes
the changes in an organism
from its earliest beginnings
through maturity.
Search for commonalities.
Key Events in Development
Specialization of cell types occurs as a
hierarchy of developmental decisions.
Cell types arise from conditions created in preceding
stages.
Interactions become increasingly restrictive.
With each new stage:
Each stage limits developmental fate.
Cells lose option to become something different
Said to be determined.
Key Events in Development
The two basic processes responsible for this
progressive subdivision:
Cytoplasmic localization
Induction
Fertilization
Fertilization is the initial event in development
in sexual reproduction.
Union of male and female gametes
Provides for recombination of paternal and
maternal genes.
Restores the diploid number.
Activates the egg to begin development.
Fertilization
Oocyte Maturation
Egg grows in size by accumulating yolk.
Contains much mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA and
elements for protein synthesis.
Morphogenetic determinants direct the activation
and repression of specific genes later in post-
fertilization development.
Egg nucleus grows in size, bloated with RNA.
Now called the germinal vesicle.
Fertilization
Most of these preparations in the egg occur
during the prolonged prophase I.
In mammals
Oocyte now has a highly structured system.
After fertilization it will support nutritional
requirements of the embryo and direct its
development through cleavage.
Placental Mammals
Represent 94% of the class Mammalia.
Evolution of the placenta required:
Reconstruction of extraembryonic membranes.
Modification of oviduct - expanded region formed a
uterus.
Mammalian Development
The eggs of placental mammals:
Are small and store few nutrients.
Exhibit holoblastic cleavage.
Show no obvious polarity.
Mammalian Development
Gastrulation and organogenesis resemble the
processes in birds and other reptiles.
Mammalian Development
Early embryonic development
in a human proceeds through
four stages:
Blastocyst reaches uterus.
Blastocyst implants.
Extraembryonic membranes
start to form and gastrulation
begins.
Gastrulation has produced a
3-layered embryo.
Mammalian Development
The extraembryonic membranes in mammals are
homologous to those of birds and other reptiles
and have similar functions.
Mammalian Development
Amnion
Surrounds embryo
Secretes fluid in
which embryo floats
Yolk sac
Contains no yolk
Source of stem cells
that give rise to blood
and lymphoid cells
Stem cells migrate to
into the developing
embryo
Allantois
Not needed to store
wastes
Contributes to the
formation of the
umbilical cord
Chorion
Forms most of the
placenta
Organogenesis
Various regions of the three embryonic germ
layers develop into the rudiments of organs
during the process of organogenesis.
Organogenesis
Many different
structures are
derived from
the three
embryonic
germ layers
during
organogenesis.
Derivatives of Ectoderm: Nervous
System and Nerve Growth
Just above the notochord
(mesoderm), the ectoderm
thickens to form a neural
plate.
Edges of the neural plate
fold up to create an
elongated, hollow neural
tube.
Anterior end of neural
tube enlarges to form the
brain and cranial nerves.
Posterior end forms the
spinal cord and spinal
motor nerves.
Derivatives of Ectoderm: Nervous
System and Nerve Growth
Neural crest cells pinch off from the neural
tube.
Give rise to
Portions of cranial nerves
Pigment cells
Cartilage
Bone
Ganglia of the autonomic system
Medulla of the adrenal gland
Parts of other endocrine glands
Neural crest cells are unique to vertebrates.
Important in evolution of the vertebrate head and
jaws.
Derivatives of Endoderm: Digestive
Tube and Survival of Gill Arches
During gastrulation, the
archenteron forms as the
primitive gut.
This endodermal cavity
eventually produces:
Digestive tract
Lining of pharynx and
lungs
Most of the liver and
pancreas
Thyroid, parathyroid
glands and thymus
Derivatives of Endoderm: Digestive
Tube and Survival of Gill Arches
Pharyngeal pouches are derivatives of the
digestive tract.
Arise in early embryonic development of all
vertebrates.
During development, endodermally-lined pharyngeal
pouches interact with overlying ectoderm to form gill
arches.
In fish, gill arches develop into gills.
In terrestrial vertebrates:
No respiratory function
1st arch and endoderm-lined pouch form upper
and lower jaws, and inner ear.
2nd, 3rd, and 4th gill pouches form tonsils,
parathyroid gland and thymus.
Derivatives of Mesoderm: Support,
Movement and the Beating Heart
Most muscles arise
from mesoderm
along each side of
the neural tube.
The mesoderm
divides into a linear
series of somites (38
in humans).
Derivatives of Mesoderm: Support,
Movement and the Beating Heart
The splitting, fusion and
migration of somites produce
the:
Axial skeleton
Dermis of dorsal skin
Muscles of the back, body wall, and
limbs
Heart
Lateral to the somites the
mesoderm splits to form the
coelom.