Inflectional Paradigms: Group's Member: Maria Carla Manuk Arimbi Sri Wahyuningsih Haznah Aris W Situmorang
Inflectional Paradigms: Group's Member: Maria Carla Manuk Arimbi Sri Wahyuningsih Haznah Aris W Situmorang
INFLECTIONAL PARADIGMS
• Group’s member :
1. Maria carla manuk
2. Arimbi
3. Sri Wahyuningsih
4. Haznah
5. Aris W Situmorang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic
relations in morphology
• The relations between linguistic units are of two broad kinds :
syntagmatic relations between units that (potentially) follow
each other in speech, and paradigmatic relations between units
that (potentially) occur in the same slot.
What is a paradigm?
•A paradigm is the complete set of related word-forms
associated with a given lexeme.
3
Types of Paradigms
Derivational
Paradigms
PARADIGMS
Inflectional
Paradigms
4
•A derivational paradigm is a set of related words which
have the same root but different stems.
Examples:
1. nature, natural, naturally
2. unnatural, unnaturally
3. naturalist, naturalistic, naturalistically
4. naturalize, naturalization
6
Inflectional categories
PERSON: refers to the three–way distinction
between the speaker (first person), the hearer
(second person), and someone or something else
(third person).
GENDER: refers to the distinction between
MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER.
NUMBER: refers to the distinction between
singular and plural.
TENSE: indicates distinctions in the TIME
(PRESENT,PAST, FUTURE)
7
Inflectional categories
ASPECT:(PROGRESSIVE, PERFECTIVE) of an
action or state.
VOICE: refers to the distinction between ACTIVE and
PASSIVE.
MOOD: refers to the distinction between
INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, and IMPERATIVE.
CASE: indicates the grammatical function of the
inflected word in a phrase , clause, or sentence;
(NOMINATIVE CASE), (ACCUSATIVE CASE),
(POSSESSIVE or GENITIVE).
8
Inflectional categories and affixes of English
Affix Used to Express
Word Class Inflectional Category
Category
Number -s: book/books
Nouns
-'s, -': the cat's tail,
Possessive
Charles' toe
3rd Person Singular
-s:It rains
Present
Past Tense -ed: paint/painted
Verbs Perfect Aspect
-ed: (has painted)
(past participle)
-ing: fall/falling,
Progressive Aspect ‘I’m falling’
(present participle)
Comparative -er: tall/taller
Adjectives
Superlative -est: tall/tallest
Types of Inflectional Paradigms
Verb
Paradigm
Noun Comparable
Paradigm Paradigm
Inflectional
Paradigms
10
A. The Noun Paradigm
FORMS STEM PLURAL POSSESSIVE PLURAL
POSSESSIVE
Inflectional {-s pl} {-s ps} {-s pl ps}
Suffixes
doctor doctors doctor’s Doctors’
MODELS mother mothers mother ’s mothers’
11
The Noun Paradigm
Nouns may be categorised in terms of number (singular
or plural) and case (possessive or not). Nouns only take
the genitive case clitic -‘s.
12
Noun Plurals
To differentiate singular from plural forms, there are 3
useful tests for the NUMBER in the noun:
1. Pronoun substitution:
• a noun is singular if it can take he/him,
she/her, it, this, or that
• a noun is plural if it can take they/them, these
or those
2. The number of the noun may be signaled by a
modifier such as several, many, or by a
pronoun reference.
3. When a noun functions as a subject of a verb, its
number is sometimes shown by the form of
the verb. 13
Noun Plurals
19
The Verb Paradigm
1. The stem (base form) : occurs after to, modals,
,indicating simple present tense with all person except
3rd person singular, and indicating imperative mood.
2.The present third-person singular : {-s 3d}
used with he, she , it or nouns which these
pronouns will substitute.
21
The Verb Paradigm
EXAMPLES:
‘I speak’ (present tense)
‘ I spoke ’ (past tense)
‘ I am speaking ’ (present progressive),
‘ I was speaking ’ (past progressive)
‘ I have spoken ’ (present perfect),
‘ I had spoken ’ (past perfect)
22
The Verb Paradigm
4. The past tense: {-D pt} has regular and
irregular forms indicating SIMPLE
PAST TENSE.
5.The past participle: {-D pp}has
regular and irregular forms.
23
Suppletion
Suppletion is allomorphy that is produced by
retrieving from the lexicon different phonological
forms of the morpheme in question.
24
C. Comparable Paradigm
Forms Stem Comparative Superlative
25
Comparable Paradigm
26
Conclusion
•In all inflectional paradigms, the stem
remains constant.
•The suffixes produce the difference in
meaning among the forms of each
paradigm.
•Membership in one of these inflectional
paradigms is one of the signals that
enables us to group words into four of the
major pats of speech- nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs. 27
Thank’s
28