Gases

Leilani L. Crucero RCh

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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

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 Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

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 Force
Pressure = Area
(force = mass x acceleration)

Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 x 102 kPa
1 N = 1 kg m/s2 Barometer 5
 Atmospheric Pressure

Standard atmospheric pressure – pressure

that supports a column of mercury exactly
760 mm (or 76 cm) high at 00C at sea level.

Barometer – instrument for measuring

atmospheric pressure

Manometer - device used to measure the

pressure of gases other than the atmosphere
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10 miles 0.2 atm

4 miles 0.5 atm

Sea level 1 atm

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Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures

Pg less than Patmosphere

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Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas

As P (h) increases V decreases 9

 Boyle’s Law

The pressure of a fixed amount of gas

at a constant temperature is inversely
proportional to the volume of the gas.

P1V1 = P2V2

at constant n & T
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 Boyle’s Law

P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
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 A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL
at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?

P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL

P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

P2 = = = 4460 mmHg
V2 154 mL
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As T increases V increases 13
Charles’s & Gay-Lussac’s Law

The volume of a fixed amount of

gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature of the
gas.
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

at constant n & P
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Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.

Charles’ &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law

VaT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin
V1/T1 = V2 /T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15 15
Charles’s & Gay-Lussac’s Law

P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

at constant n & V

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 A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at
125 0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a
volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?

V1 /T1 = V2 /T2

V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K

V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
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 Avogadro’s Law
At constant pressure and
temperature, the volume of a gas
is directly proportional to the
number of moles of the gas
present.

V∞n V = kn

at constant P & T 18
 Avogadro’s Law
V a number of moles (n)
Constant temperature
V = constant x n Constant pressure

V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

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Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO)
and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are
obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same
temperature and pressure?

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

1 mole NH3 1 mole NO

At constant T and P

1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

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 Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: V a 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT

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 Ideal Gas
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-
volume-temperature behavior can be completely
accounted for by the ideal gas equation.
• No intermolecular force of attraction or repulsion
between molecules
• Volume of the gas molecules is negligible
• Ideality is approached at low pressures and high
temperatures

Ideal gas equation – describes the relationship among

the four variables P, V, T and n.
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 Modified Ideal Gas Equation
takes into account the initial and final
conditions
From PV = nRT,
R = P1V1 / n1T1 (before change)
R = P2V2 / n2T2 (after change)

If n1 = n2 :
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2

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 The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT

PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)

R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

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 What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl
at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K

P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm

V = 30.6 L

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 Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to
85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of
argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?

PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

nR P
= = constant P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
V T
T1 = 291 K T2 = 358 K
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm
T1 291 K
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Density (d) Calculations

m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

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 A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm
and 27.0 0C. What is the molar mass of the gas?

dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L

g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm

M = 54.6 g/mol

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 Gas Stoichiometry

What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 0C and 1.00

atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

g C6H12O6 mol C6H12O6 mol CO2 V CO2

1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol CO2

5.60 g C6H12O6 x x = 0.187 mol CO2
180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
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 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is
just the sum of the pressures that each
gas would exert if it were present alone.

Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….
where
Pt = total pressure
P1, P2, P3 = partial pressures of the
component gases
Partial pressure – pressure exerted by one
component in a mixture of gases 30
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

V and T
are
constant

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
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 A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4,
0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the
total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the
partial pressure of propane (C3H8)?

Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

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 Bottle full of oxygen
gas and water vapor

2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

PT = PO2 + PH2 O 34
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 Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1

33 2

66 3

P V

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
KE = ½ mu2
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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V

• Charles’ Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy a T
PaT
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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Avogadro’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
Pan

• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
Ptotal = SPi

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Apparatus for studying molecular speed distribution

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 The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature

The distribution of speeds

for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures

urms = M3RT

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Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.


r1 M2
=
r2 M1

NH4Cl

NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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Gas effusion is the process by which gas under pressure
escapes from one compartment of a container to another by
passing through a small opening.


r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1

Nickel forms a gaseous compound of the formula

Ni(CO)x What is the value of x given that under the same
conditions methane (CH4) effuses 3.3 times faster than
the compound?
r1 2
r1 = 3.3 x r2 M2 = ( )r2
x M1 = (3.3)2 x 16 = 174.2

M1 = 16 g/mol 58.7 + x • 28 = 174.2 x = 4.1 ~ 4

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 Deviations from Ideal Behavior

1 mole of ideal gas

Repulsive Forces
PV = nRT
PV = 1.0
n=
RT
Attractive Forces

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5.8
Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.

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5.8
Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas

an 2
( P + V2 ) (V – nb) = nRT
}

corrected corrected
pressure volume

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 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
• The principal components are N2 and O2.
Other important gases are H2O, CO2, Ar, Ne,
He, CH4, Kr, H2, NO, Xe etc.
• Because of gravitational effects, the
composition of the earth’s atmosphere is not
constant.
• Heavier molecules tend to be near the earth’s
surface and light molecules tend to migrate to
higher altitudes.
• Troposphere is the lowest layer of the
atmosphere.
…Chemistry in the Atmosphere
continued…
• Ozone in the upper atmosphere helps prevent high
energy ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to the
earth.

• Two main sources of pollution are– transportation

and the production of electricity.

• The combustion of petroleum produces CO, CO2,

NO, and NO2, along with unburned molecules from
petroleum.
 Practice Exercises

1. A sample of oxygen gas initially at 0.97 atm is

cooled from 210C to -680C at constant volume.
What is its final pressure (in atm)? Ans. 0.68 atm
2. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake,
where the temperature and pressure are 80C and
6.4 atm, to the water’s surface where the
temperature is 250C and the pressure is 1 atm.
Calculate the final volume (in ml) of the bubble if its
initial volume was 2.1 ml. Ans 14 ml
3. Calculate the density of hydrogen bromide (HBr)
gas in g/L at 733 mmHg and 460C.
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 Practice Exercises
4. The density of a gaseous organic compound is
3.38 g/L at 400C and 1.97 atm. What is its
molar mass?
5. Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some
automobile air bags. The impact of a collision
triggers the decomposition of NaN3 as follows:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
The N2 gas produced quickly inflates the bag
between the driver and the windshield and
dashboard. Calculate the volume of N2
generated at 800C and 823 mmHg by the
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
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 Practice Exercises
6. Hydrogen gas generated when calcium metal
reacts with water is collected. The volume of gas
collected at 300C and pressure of 988 mm Hg is
641 ml. What is the mass (in grams) of the
hydrogen gas obtained? The pressure of water
vapor at 300C is 31.82 mm Hg.
7. Discuss the following phenomena in terms of the
gas laws:
• The pressure increase in an automobile tire on a
hot day
• The “popping” of a paper bag
• The expansion of a weather balloon as it rises in
the air 51
 Practice Exercises
• The loud noise heard when a light bulb shatters
• An autoclave is a very efficient sterilization
device
8. Would it be easier to drink water with a straw on
top of Mt. Everest or at the foot? Explain.

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