Chemical Technician Review Gases
Chemical Technician Review Gases
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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere
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Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
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Force
Pressure = Area
(force = mass x acceleration)
Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 x 102 kPa
1 N = 1 kg m/s2 Barometer 5
Atmospheric Pressure
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Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures
P1V1 = P2V2
at constant n & T
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Boyle’s Law
P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
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A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL
at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL
at constant n & P
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Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.
Charles’ &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
at constant n & V
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A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at
125 0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a
volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V1 /T1 = V2 /T2
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
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Avogadro’s Law
At constant pressure and
temperature, the volume of a gas
is directly proportional to the
number of moles of the gas
present.
V∞n V = kn
at constant P & T 18
Avogadro’s Law
V a number of moles (n)
Constant temperature
V = constant x n Constant pressure
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
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Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO)
and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are
obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same
temperature and pressure?
At constant T and P
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Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: V a 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)
nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
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Ideal Gas
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-
volume-temperature behavior can be completely
accounted for by the ideal gas equation.
• No intermolecular force of attraction or repulsion
between molecules
• Volume of the gas molecules is negligible
• Ideality is approached at low pressures and high
temperatures
If n1 = n2 :
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
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The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L.
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.6 L
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Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to
85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of
argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P
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A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm
and 27.0 0C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L
g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm
M = 54.6 g/mol
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Gas Stoichiometry
L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is
just the sum of the pressures that each
gas would exert if it were present alone.
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….
where
Pt = total pressure
P1, P2, P3 = partial pressures of the
component gases
Partial pressure – pressure exerted by one
component in a mixture of gases 30
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T
are
constant
P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
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A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4,
0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the
total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the
partial pressure of propane (C3H8)?
Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm
0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
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Bottle full of oxygen
gas and water vapor
PT = PO2 + PH2 O 34
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Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1
33 2
66 3
P V
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Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
KE = ½ mu2
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Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V
• Charles’ Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy a T
PaT
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Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Avogadro’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
Pan
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Apparatus for studying molecular speed distribution
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The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature
urms = M3RT
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Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
r1 M2
=
r2 M1
NH4Cl
NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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Gas effusion is the process by which gas under pressure
escapes from one compartment of a container to another by
passing through a small opening.
r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1
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5.8
Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.
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5.8
Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas
an 2
( P + V2 ) (V – nb) = nRT
}
corrected corrected
pressure volume
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Chemistry in the Atmosphere
• The principal components are N2 and O2.
Other important gases are H2O, CO2, Ar, Ne,
He, CH4, Kr, H2, NO, Xe etc.
• Because of gravitational effects, the
composition of the earth’s atmosphere is not
constant.
• Heavier molecules tend to be near the earth’s
surface and light molecules tend to migrate to
higher altitudes.
• Troposphere is the lowest layer of the
atmosphere.
…Chemistry in the Atmosphere
continued…
• Ozone in the upper atmosphere helps prevent high
energy ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to the
earth.
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