Faculty of Engineering Tech. & Research.: Name Pen No
Faculty of Engineering Tech. & Research.: Name Pen No
&
Research.
Name Pen No.
Guided By
Toughness
Strength
Compressive strength
it is a mechanical property of material. The ability of a material to
withstand stress due to compressive forces on it, without fracture is
called compressive strength
force/load force/load
Composition of brick:
20 – 30% Alumina
50 – 60 % Silica
<5 % Lime
0.1% Magnesia
5–6% Iron oxide
The clay should be free from pebbles, gravel, alkalies, organic matter,
vegetation and iron pyrites.
Requirements of bricks
Colour of brick is red copper and uniform.
Edges should be sharp.
Free form organic matter , salts ,etc.
There should be metallic ringing sound.
Importance of bricks
For walls of various building construction.
Brick flooring provides skid resistance with economy.
Used in lintel and column construction also they are light in weight.
Clay products ,hence eco friendly ,cheap and easily available.
Types of bricks
(1) Conventional / Traditional bricks: Size: 23 cm X 11.4 cm X 7.6 cm
(2) Standard / Modular : Size : 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm
heat sound
insulation insulation
Lime
Requirements of good lime:
-Not contain impurities.
-Provide good plasticity and workability.
-Set easily.
-Moisture resistant.
-Slake easily with water.
-Low shrinkage.
Properties of lime
-Lime possesses good plasticity.
-Good workability.
-Good adhesion with masonry.
-Stiffens quickly.
-Good resistance to moisture.
-Low shrinkage.
Types of lime
Hydraulic lime
Fat lime
Poor lime
Importance of lime
Types of cement
1)Normal setting or ordinary Portland cement(opc).
2)Rapid hardening Portland cement.
3)Quick setting cement.
4)Pozzuolana Portland cement(PPC)
5)Low heat cement
6)Blast furnace cement
7)white cement
8)Sulphate resisting cement
9)Coloured cement
Uses of cement
Used to prepare cement mortar for building construction works like
masonry , plaster ,painting, flooring etc.
Setting of cement
Hardening of cement is different than setting of cement.
Time required for setting depends upon:
1)Temperature
2)Percentage of water added
3)Humidity of the atmosphere
initial setting time of cement shall not be less than 30 to 60 minutes
and final setting time shall not be more than 10 hours.
Importance of cement
-An important binding material.
-Binds fine and coarse aggregates to prepare cement concrete.
-Cement mortar fill joints of bricks and stones in wall masonry
construction.
-On smooth and rough plaster painting work is easier and economical.
Metals
Requirements of metal:
-Provide sufficient strength to bear the loads coming on them.
-Provide resistance to corrosion and weather actions.
-Provide resistance to fire and heat.
-Good adhesion with cement concrete..
Types of Iron:
-Hematite(red oxide)
-Magnetite(black Oxide)
-Siderite(carbonate)
-Limonite(brown hematite)
-Pyrite(sulphide)
Types of metals
Properties of ceramic
Ceramics are hard , strong and dense material.
Low ductility.
Good resistance to corrosion.
• Stable in environment
• Electric insulators.
Types of ceramics
Ternary phase
Uses of ceramics
Bricks
Tiles
Pipes
Chimney
Insulators
Dental implants
Cement
Radar domes
Transmitter
Optical equipments
Importance of ceramic
Cement- a ceramic material is widely used in
building construction.
Glass- a ceramic material is used as shelves,
decorative articles,etc is important
building material.
Transparent ceramics provide visibility in case of door,
window glass in various building for inhabitants.
The water and waste water pipes and fittings are important
in building construction.
The maintained clean surface of ceramics are giving new
look at every instance.
TIMBER
Timber is a natural building construction material
obtained from trees.
Requirements of timber
Dark uniform colour.
Dense.
Workable, good machinability.
Uniform texture.
Freshly cut log surface should emit sweet smell.
Free from crakes, splits, warp, etc.
When it is struck, it should produce a sonorous sound.
Types of timber
Natural Industrial
Babul Veneers
Bamboo Plywood
Banyan Fiberboards
Neem Impreg timbers
Mango Compreg timbers
Teak
Pine
Palms
Uses of timber
Railway sleepers
Bridges
Pipes
Furniture
Packing material
Decorative pieces
Doors and windows
Matchbox
Boat
Roofs
Lintels and arches
Flooring
Partition wall
Rafters
Properties of timber
Low heat conductivity.
Small bulk density.
Relatively high strength.
It’s volume changes with moisture content.
Long life.
Importance of timber
Used as walls, columns, beams, doors and
windows in building construction.
Easy to transport due to lesser weight and easy
handling.
Used in furniture decoration of buildings.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to cut and reshape • Catches fire easily.
as per desired • Can be affected by
dimensions. termite.
Locally available. The • Not suitable for heavy
workers of woodwork loads and multistoried
easily available. structures.
Useful to make door,
window, ventilator and
furniture of building in
construction.
SAND
Sand particles consists of small grains of silica.
Requirements of sand
Clean , free from organic and vegetable matter.
Contain sharp, angular and durable grains.
Well graded.
Not contain salts which attract moisture from the
atmosphere.
Maximum permissible clay content is 3 to 4% in sand.
Types of sand
Natural Artificial
Importance of sand
Sand-fine aggregate is the important
material for construction work. It prepare
cement mortar and cement concrete by
mixing with cement like binding material.
They fill up the voids in between coarse
aggregate pieces in cement concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates are the naturally occurring material like
sand, crushed rock and gravel.
Requirements of aggregate
Sufficiently strong, hard, tough and durable.
Aggregate surface should be rough and free from
cracks.
Good soundness.
Uses of aggregate
• Fine aggregates are used to prepare cement mortar, lime
mortar and cement concrete.
• Coarse aggregates are used to prepare cement concrete
(PCC, RCC) , etc.
• Fine aggregates are used in masonry, plaster, flooring,
etc. work in building construction.
Types of aggregate
Importance of aggregate
•They have good adhesion with cement,
bitumen like binder material.
•Coarse aggregate are used in RCC structures
of building.
•They provide strength and stability to
building.
MORTAR
Mortar is a paste prepared by adding required
quantity of water to mixture of binding material
like cement or lime and fine aggregate like sand.
Requirements of mortar
Good adhesion with bricks , stones etc.
Resist penetration of rain water.
Cheap, durable and workable.
Uses of mortar
•To bind the bricks or stones firmly in wall
construction work.
•Used in plaster work as finishing material to
provide weather resistance.
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of cement/lime , sand, crushed
rock and water. It is a major building material for
construction work.
Preparation of concrete
I. Ingredients of concrete : cement, sand, coarse
aggregate and water.
II. Methods of mixing of concrete :
1. Hand mixing
2. Machine mixing
Importance of concrete
Prepared at project site under supervision and fabricated.
The concrete solidifies and hardens, attaining greater
strength with age.
• They are strong and durable.
Uses of concrete
• Cement concrete is used from foundation to slab in
buildings.
• Cement concrete is used in street walks, rigid
pavements, streets, highways, airports and in
foundations of ropeways.
• Cement concrete is used in lining of canals and
reservoirs, concrete dams, tubewells and water
conducting tunnels.
PAINTS AND VARNISHES
The paints are coatings of fluid materials and they are
applied over the surfaces of timber and metal.
The varnishes are transparent or nearly transparent
solutions of resinous materials and they are applied over
the painted surfaces.
Requirements of paint
Paint applied on a surface should dry within 24 hours.
Neither crack nor shrink after drying.
Not reveal brush marks after drying.
An attractive appearance.
The paint film after drying should be impervious and
weather resisting.
Requirements of varnish
• The film left by varnish should be shining and glossy.
• The colour of varnish should not develop cracks on
drying.
Properties of paints
Available in wide range of variety.
Available in various colours.
Have effect of weather actions.
Have resistance to water at certain extent.
Spreaded and strached as a layer on base by brushes.
Properties of varnish
• Transparent.
• Provide shine on old and new wood work.
• Stretchable to provide thin film or layer on base.
• Available in black, brown, red like colours. It is possible to
make them colourless.
Uses of paints and varnish
Provide clean, good and colourful
attractive appearance to the surface.
Prevent decay of wood.
Provide corrosion resistance in metal.
Varnish brightens the appearance of the
grain in wood.
Importance of glass
• Glass blocks cut off the glare but it admits sunlight
and controls sound and heat in a better way.
• Missile contains thousands of glass items.
PLASTIC
The plastic is an organic substance and it consists of
natural or synthetic binders or resins with or without
moulding compounds.
Requirements of plastics
Provide good heat resistance.
Their colours should not be faded easily.
Possess good strength.
Their shape and size should not be distorted easily.
Durable with good resistance to cracks and breaks.
Uses of plastics
They are used to make-
• Furniture like sofa, table, chair, etc.
• Optical lenses, spectacles, frames.
• Handles of tools, cases of machines, covers.
• Waterproof doors, bags.
• Sanitary fittings like taps, pipes, valves, etc.
Types of plastic
Thermo plastic :
Linear or chain structure.
They are used for toys, electric insulators, pipes, valves,
fan blades, etc.
Acrylic, P.V.C., polystyrene, polyethylene, nylons, etc. are
thermoplastic.
Thermosetting plastic :
Cross linked or network structure.
Telephone receivers, switches, plugs, adhesives, foams,
etc. are made from thermosetting plastics.
Bakelite, polyesters , malamines, etc. are thermosetting
plastics.
Properties of plastic
Light in weight.
Absorb shocks.
Free from corrosion.
Low thermal and electrical conductivity.
Importance of plastic
• Plasticdoors on external walls and in bath w.c. are not
affected by water and are easily openable.
• Decorative and light weight furnitures are easy to clean
and rearrange in buildings.