ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 5: Power System Operations

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
[email protected]
Announcements

• Please read Chapters 4 and 5

• HW 2 is 2.43, 2.47, 2.50, 2.52
• It does not need to be turned in, but will be covered by an
in-class quiz on Thursday Sept 8

1
 Power System Operations Overview

• Goal is to provide an intuitive feel for power

system operation
• Emphasis will be on the impact of the transmission
system
• Introduce basic power flow concepts through small
system examples

2
Power System Basics

• All power systems have three major components:

Generation, Load and Transmission/Distribution.
• Generation: Creates electric power.
• Load: Consumes electric power.
• Transmission/Distribution: Transmits electric power
from generation to load.
– Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV are
usually called the transmission system. The transmission
system is usually networked.
– Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV are
usually called the distribution system (radial).
3
 Simulation of the
Eastern Interconnect
VIK 138
BIG BEN D

WH TWTR3
EEN 138
ST RITA

M UKWO N GO
SUN 138 WH TWTR4
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138
Pl ai sades
SGR CK4
UN IV N EU
LBT 138
N5 SGR CK5

LAN 138 BRLGTN 2 SO M ERS Covert

ALB 138
RO R 138

N LK GV T
H azel ton BRLGTN 1
ALBERS-2
Paddock Benton H arbor
PO T 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
N O M 138 M RE 138 TICH IGN
BUTLER 5 H AZL S 5 H LM 138
WIB 138
UN IO N TP5 D AR 138
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N LG 138
N ED 138
Pl easantPrai ri e
N WT 138
M ID PO RT5 N ED 161

LIBERTY5
D RFN D RY5
D UN D EE 5 BCH 138
LUN D Q ST5 TRK RIV5 WBT 138
ELK 138
CASVILL5
BLK 138
CO R 138 D IK 138
D RCO M P 5 DRNE 5
WTWEST 5
LEN A ; B LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on

D R EN G 5

Rockford
LO RE 5
WASH BRN 5
ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5 Wempl eton
EL FARM 5 SO . GVW. 5
PECAT; B
Waukegan
CN TRGRV5
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Sand Park
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Cook - 345 kV
Charl es

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Cherry Val l ey
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Bl aw khaw k
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SB GIC 5
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SBH YC5

SB UIC 5 Burnham
SB 74 5
SB 90 5 Lockport
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SB YIC 5 SUB 77 5 Goodi ngs Grove
SB 71 5
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Sand Ri dge
SB 89 5
SB 88 5

Lansi ng
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SB 58 5
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SB 31T 5 Woodhi l l

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E M O LIN E
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M ACO M BN E
RN TO UL J

RAN TO UL
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4
 Small PowerWorld Simulator Case

Load with
green Bus 2
-20 MW
4 MVR
20 MW
-4 MVR Bus 1
arrows 1.00 PU

indicating
204 MW
102 MVR
Note the
1.00 PU

amount 106 MW
power
0 MVR
of MW -34 MW -14 MW
balance at
150 MW AGC ON

flow 116 MVR AVR ON

10 MVR 4 MVR 100 MW
each bus
34 MW 14 MW
-10 MVR -4 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
102 MW
51 MVR
Used 150 MW AGC ON

to control 37 MVR AVR ON

output of Direction of arrow is used to indicate

generator direction of real power (MW) flow
5
A Substation “Bus”
Three Phase Transmission Lines
Power Balance Constraints

• Power flow refers to how the power is moving

through the system.
• At all times in the simulation the total power
flowing into any bus MUST be zero!
• This is know as Kirchhoff’s law. And it can not be
repealed or modified.
• Power is lost in the transmission system.

8
Basic Power Control

• Opening or closing a circuit breaker causes the

power flow to instantaneously(nearly) change.
• No other way to directly control power flow in a
transmission line.
• By changing generation or load, or by switching
other lines, we can indirectly change this flow.

9
Modeling Consideration – Change
is Not Really Instantaneous!
• The change isn’t really instantaneous because of
propagation delays, which are near the speed of
light; there also wave reflection issues
– This will be addressed more in Chapters 5 and 13
Red is the vs end, green the v2 end

10
Transmission Line Limits

• Power flow in transmission line is limited by

heating considerations.
• Losses (I2 R) can heat up the line, causing it to sag.
• Each line has a limit; Simulator does not allow you
to continually exceed this limit. Many utilities use
winter/summer limits.

11
Overloaded Transmission Line

12
Transmission Lines and Trees

• We like trees, and they grow; but when trees get

close to lines bad things can occur
Before “Trimming” After “Trimming”
Interconnected Operation

• Power systems are interconnected across large

distances. For example most of North America
east of the Rockies is one system, with most of
Texas and Quebec being major exceptions
• Individual utilities only own and operate a small
portion of the system, which is referred to an
operating area (or an area).

14
Operating Areas

• Transmission lines that join two areas are known as

tie-lines.
• The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow
on its tie-lines.
• The flow out of an area is equal to

total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow

15
Area Control Error (ACE)

• The area control error is the difference between the

actual flow out of an area, and the scheduled flow.
– There is also a frequency dependent component that we’ll
address in Chapter 12
• Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
• Because the load is constantly changing, each
utility must constantly change its generation to
“chase” the ACE.

16
Automatic Generation Control

• Most utilities use automatic generation control

(AGC) to automatically change their generation to
keep their ACE close to zero.
• Usually the utility control center calculates ACE
based upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators every
couple seconds.

17
 Three Bus Case on AGC

-40 MW 40 MW
Bus 2 8 MVR -8 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR

-77 MW -39 MW
150 MW AGC ON
25 MVR 12 MVR 100 MW
166 MVR AVR ON
78 MW 39 MW
-21 MVR -11 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
133 MW
67 MVR
Generation
250 MW AGC ON
is automatically 34 MVR AVR ON

changed to match Net tie flow is

change in load close to zero
18
MISO Real-Time ACE
Previously
individual
utilities did
their own
ACE
calculations;
now we are
part of MISO,
which does
one for the
region
https://www.misoenergy.org/MARKETSOPERATIONS/REALTIMEMARKETDATA/Pages/ACEChart.aspx
MISO Real-Time ACE

• MISO's real-time ACE is available online (along

with lots of other data)

https://www.misoenergy.org/MARKETSOPERATIONS/REALTIMEMARKETDATA/Pages/ACEChart.aspx
Generator Costs

• There are many fixed and variable costs associated

with power system operation.
• The major variable cost is associated with
generation.
• Cost to generate a MWh can vary widely.
• For some types of units (such as hydro and nuclear)
it is difficult to quantify.
• For thermal units it is much easier. These costs
will be discussed later in the course.

21
Economic Dispatch

• Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost

dispatch of generation for an area.
• For a lossless system, the ED occurs when all the
generators have equal marginal costs.

IC1(PG,1) = IC2(PG,2) = … = ICm(PG,m)

22
Power Transactions

• Power transactions are contracts between areas to

do power transactions.
• Contracts can be for any amount of time at any
price for any amount of power.
• Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the area ACE:

ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched

23
100 MW Transaction

8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR

-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
1.00 PU
Net tie-line
Home Area Bus 3
113 MW
flow is now
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON
100 MW
8 MVR AVR ON

Scheduled 100 MW
Transaction from Left to Right
24
Security Constrained ED

• Transmission constraints often limit system

economics.
• Such limits required a constrained dispatch
in order to maintain system security.
• In three bus case the generation at bus 3
must be constrained to avoid overloading the
line from bus 2 to bus 3.

25
Security Constrained Dispatch
-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
357 MW
179 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
100% 37 MVR
-122 MW
194 MW OFF AGC -142 MW
49 MVR 41 MVR 100 MW
232 MVR AVR ON
145 MW 100% 124 MW
-37 MVR -33 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
179 MW
Scheduled Transactions 89 MVR
100.0 MW 448 MW AGC ON
19 MVR AVR ON

Dispatch is no longer optimal due to need to keep line

from bus 2 to bus 3 from overloading
26
Multi-Area Operation

• If Areas have direct interconnections, then they

may directly transact up to the capacity of their tie-
lines.
• Actual power flows through the entire network
according to the impedance of the transmission
lines.
• Flow through other areas is known as “parallel
path” or “loop flows.”

27
 Seven Bus Case: One-line

System has 1.05 PU

44 MW -42 MW -31 MW
0.99 PU
31 MW 80 MW
30 MVR
3 4
three areas 1
106 MW -37 MW
1.00 PU Area top
62 MW 110 MW -32 MW
AGC ON 40 MVR has five
94 MW
Case Hourly Cost AGC ON buses
38 MW 16933 $/MWH
-14 MW
-61 MW
32 MW
1.04 PU 79 MW -77 MW 1.01 PU
2 Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 PU 1.04 PU
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
0 MVR
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH
200 MW AGC ON 201 MW AGC ON

Area left has one bus Area right has one bus

28
 Seven Bus Case: Area View

Area Losses
Top 7.09 MW

Actual
40.1 MW
flow
-40.1 MW
0.0 MW
0.0 MW between
System has areas
40 MW of
Scheduled
“Loop Flow”
Left Right flow
Area Losses 40.1 MW Area Losses
0.33 MW 0.0 MW 0.65 MW

Loop flow can result in higher losses

29
 Seven Bus - Loop Flow?

Area Losses
Top 9.44 MW

Note that
4.8 MW
0.0 MW
-4.8 MW Top’s
0.0 MW
Losses have
increased
from
7.09MW to
Left Right
9.44 MW
Area Losses 104.8 MW Area Losses
-0.00 MW 100.0 MW 4.34 MW

100 MW Transaction Transaction has

between Left and Right actually decreased
the loop flow 30
Pricing Electricity

• Cost to supply electricity to bus is called the

locational marginal price (LMP)
• Presently some electric makets post LMPs on the
web
• In an ideal electricity market with no transmission
limitations the LMPs are equal
• Transmission constraints can segment a market,
resulting in differing LMP
• Determination of LMPs requires the solution on an
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

31
 3 BUS LMPS - OVERLOAD IGNORED
60 MW 60 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
Gen 2’s Gen 1’s
cost cost
0 MW 10.00 $/MWh
is $12 is $10
120 MW 180 MW
per 120% per
MWh 0 MW MWh
60 MW
120% 120 MW
Total Cost 60 MW
1800 $/hr
Bus 3 10.00 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from Bus 1 to Bus 3 is over-loaded; all

buses have same marginal cost
32
LINE OVERLOAD ENFORCED
20 MW 20 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

60 MW 12.00 $/MWh
100 MW 120 MW
80% 100%
0 MW
80 MW
80% 100% 100 MW
Total Cost 80 MW
1921 $/hr
Bus 3 14.01 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from 1 to 3 is no longer overloaded, but now

the marginal cost of electricity at 3 is $14 / MWh
33
 MISO LMPs 9/5/16 at 8:35 PM

https://www.misoenergy.org/LMPContourMap/MISO_All.html