Axiology

TOPIC ON AXIOLOGY
Asghar Kamal
Lahore Business School

University of Lahore
BRANCH OF AXIOLOGY(ARORA,2010)
Axiology
Ethic Aesthetic
WORLD VIEW OF AXIOLOGY
The word “Axiology” is derived from two

Greek roots
‘Axios’ Worth or Value
‘Logos’ Logic or Theory
(Arora, 2010)
DEFINITION
Axiology is the branch of philosophy dealing with quality

or value (Rosenthal,1967).
Axiology is the branch of philosophy that studies

judgments about values including both of ethics and
aesthetics (Chopra, 2005).
Axiology or Theory of Value is the discipline that studies
values, in general, what makes things desirable1.
According to Charles W. Morris (1901–1979): “Since the
life process depends on the selection or rejection of
certain objects or situations, preferential behavior
(positive or negative) is a basic phenomenon of life.
Axiology (Philosophy) is divided Into following
categories.
Meta-ethics
Normative Ethics
Applied Ethics
Descriptive ethic
Meta-ethics: is a branch of philosophy that explores the
status, foundations, and scope of moral values,
properties, and words.
It addresses the most general moral questions, such as: Is
there a specific human moral sense?
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN META-ETHICS:
Why be moral?“
Example: Even if I am aware of basic moral standards,
such as don't kill and don’t steal, this does not
necessarily mean that I will be psychologically
compelled to act on them.
"Why be moral?"
are to avoid punishment, to gain praise, to attain happiness,
to be dignified, or to fit in with society.
Normative Ethics:
The normative ethic concerned with moral
principles/standards/norms on right and wrong, which
are considered necessary to guide human conduct
In the history of Western Philosophy there are three
main Normative Ethics theories:
Virtue Ethics
Teleological ethical theory
Deontological Ethics
Duty Theories
Consequentialist Ethics
Virtue ethics: is an approach to Ethics that highlights an
individual's charisma as the key element
of ethical thinking,
Example: a virtue ethicist would point to the fact that
helping others shows desirable virtues such as being
charitable or benevolent. Other desirable virtues include
honesty, courage, friendship, kindness, loyalty, modesty,
patience, and so on
Example 2” where a Stakeholder would argue that giving
to a charity maximizes well-being in society.
Aristotle, argued that virtues are good habits that we
acquire, which regulate our emotions.
For example, in response to my natural feelings of fear, I
should develop the virtue of courage which allows me to
be firm when facing danger.
Teleological:
Teleological theories focus on the goal of the ethical action.
Deontological:
The theory says that ethics hold that the action itself is right
or wrong, regardless of the outcome.
Deontologist
Would argue that we have a duty to help others; in the
virtue explain already……..
Duty Theory: Doctor example to show the result..

Consequentialist normative: The theory
described that the base moral judgments on the
outcomes of a decision or an action.
or
Consequentialist ethics judge an action as right or
wrong on the basis of the outcome of an action.
Consequentialism: An action is morally right if the
consequences of that action are more favorable than
unfavorable.
Consequentialist normative:
 principles require that we first total both the good and
bad consequences of an action.
 Second, we then determine whether the total good
consequences outweigh the total bad consequences. If
the good consequences are greater, then the action is
morally proper. If the bad consequences are greater,
then the action is morally improper.
TWO MAIN CONSEQUENTIALIST THEORIES
The theory some time also called teleological theory
Consequentialist
theories
egoism utilitarianism
‫‪Utilitarianism‬‬
‫افادیت پسندی ۔ اخلقای نظریہ کہ صحیح طرز عمل کا تعین فائدہ مند نتائج‬
‫سے ہوتا ہے‬
Egoism: Egoism is the theory that one’s self is, or should
be, the motivation for all of our actions.
distinguishing between egoism
descriptive argument (an argument that tells us how the
world actually is)
normative argument (an argument that tells us how the
world must to be).
Ethical Egoism: an action is morally right if the
unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.
Ethical Altruism: an action is morally right if the
unfavorable to everyone except the agent.
Consequentialist theory of utilitarianism :
Rather than maximize individual welfare, utilitarianism
focuses on collective welfare and it identifies goodness
with the greatest amount of good for the greatest number
of people: the ‘greatest happiness principle’.
Example: where a utilitarian would argue that giving to a
charity maximizes well-being in society,
TWO FEATURES OF HIS THEORY ARE NOTEWORTHY
Act-utilitarianism:
it would be morally wrong to waste time on relaxation activities such as
watching television, since our time could be spent in ways that
produced a greater social benefit, such as charity work.
Hedonistic utilitarianism:
Pleasurable consequences are the only factors that matter, morally
speaking. This, though, seems too restrictive since it ignores other
morally significant consequences that are not necessarily pleasing or
painful. For example, acts which foster loyalty and friendship are
valued, yet they are not always pleasing.
ETHIC THEORY
(1) Teleological ethic theory
The theory will remember that teleological theories focus
on the goal of the ethical action. Right is called good
Consequence Where is the wrong is called bed
Consequence.
(19th Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.)
Deontological ethic theory :
ethical theories that place special emphasis on the
relationship between duty and the morality of human
actions. The term deontology is derived from the Greek
deon, “duty,” and logos, “science.
Example: deontologist would argue that we have a duty to
help others.
RIGHTS
Rights theory is one particular duty-based theory of ethics.
A right is a justified claim against another person’s
behavior. So rights and duties are related in that the
rights of one person imply the duty of someone else to
uphold that right.
THEORY OF VALUE

Experimentalists: Objects acquires value after choosing.

Emotivists: Individuals will decide which value should be
adopted?
Objectivists: Values are in objects or in relation among
objects.
(Lobo, 1974)
Subdivided groups such as medical ethics, business
ethics
Business ethics: The moral status of corporate entities,

deceptive advertising, insider trading, basic employee
rights, job discrimination, positive action, treatment
testing.
Corporate movies watch then
Conclusion:
We all possess values that guide our thoughts,
actions and behaviors in every aspect and field
of life i.e., personal, social, intellectual and
emotional. We are involved in axiological
thinking in every moment, intentionally or
unintentionally.

Axiology

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TOPIC ON AXIOLOGY

Lahore Business School

The word “Axiology” is derived from two

Axiology is the branch of philosophy dealing with quality

Axiology is the branch of philosophy that studies

Duty Theory: Doctor example to show the result..

Experimentalists: Objects acquires value after choosing.

Business ethics: The moral status of corporate entities,

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