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Axiology
Axiology
Asghar Kamal
Axiology
Ethic Aesthetic
WORLD VIEW OF AXIOLOGY
Why be moral?“
Example: Even if I am aware of basic moral standards,
such as don't kill and don’t steal, this does not
necessarily mean that I will be psychologically
compelled to act on them.
"Why be moral?"
are to avoid punishment, to gain praise, to attain happiness,
to be dignified, or to fit in with society.
Normative Ethics:
The normative ethic concerned with moral
principles/standards/norms on right and wrong, which
are considered necessary to guide human conduct
In the history of Western Philosophy there are three
main Normative Ethics theories:
Virtue Ethics
Teleological ethical theory
Deontological Ethics
Duty Theories
Consequentialist Ethics
Virtue ethics: is an approach to Ethics that highlights an
individual's charisma as the key element
of ethical thinking,
Example: a virtue ethicist would point to the fact that
helping others shows desirable virtues such as being
charitable or benevolent. Other desirable virtues include
honesty, courage, friendship, kindness, loyalty, modesty,
patience, and so on
Example 2” where a Stakeholder would argue that giving
to a charity maximizes well-being in society.
Aristotle, argued that virtues are good habits that we
acquire, which regulate our emotions.
For example, in response to my natural feelings of fear, I
should develop the virtue of courage which allows me to
be firm when facing danger.
Teleological:
Teleological theories focus on the goal of the ethical action.
Deontological:
The theory says that ethics hold that the action itself is right
or wrong, regardless of the outcome.
Deontologist
Would argue that we have a duty to help others; in the
virtue explain already……..
Consequentialist
theories
egoism utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
افادیت پسندی ۔ اخلقای نظریہ کہ صحیح طرز عمل کا تعین فائدہ مند نتائج
سے ہوتا ہے
Egoism: Egoism is the theory that one’s self is, or should
be, the motivation for all of our actions.
distinguishing between egoism
descriptive argument (an argument that tells us how the
world actually is)
normative argument (an argument that tells us how the
world must to be).
Ethical Egoism: an action is morally right if the
consequences of that action are more favorable than
unfavorable only to the agent performing the action.
Ethical Altruism: an action is morally right if the
consequences of that action are more favorable than
unfavorable to everyone except the agent.
Consequentialist theory of utilitarianism :
Rather than maximize individual welfare, utilitarianism
focuses on collective welfare and it identifies goodness
with the greatest amount of good for the greatest number
of people: the ‘greatest happiness principle’.
Example: where a utilitarian would argue that giving to a
charity maximizes well-being in society,
TWO FEATURES OF HIS THEORY ARE NOTEWORTHY
Act-utilitarianism:
it would be morally wrong to waste time on relaxation activities such as
watching television, since our time could be spent in ways that
produced a greater social benefit, such as charity work.
Hedonistic utilitarianism:
Pleasurable consequences are the only factors that matter, morally
speaking. This, though, seems too restrictive since it ignores other
morally significant consequences that are not necessarily pleasing or
painful. For example, acts which foster loyalty and friendship are
valued, yet they are not always pleasing.
ETHIC THEORY
(1) Teleological ethic theory
The theory will remember that teleological theories focus
on the goal of the ethical action. Right is called good
Consequence Where is the wrong is called bed
Consequence.
(19th Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.)
Deontological ethic theory :
ethical theories that place special emphasis on the
relationship between duty and the morality of human
actions. The term deontology is derived from the Greek
deon, “duty,” and logos, “science.
Example: deontologist would argue that we have a duty to
help others.
RIGHTS
Rights theory is one particular duty-based theory of ethics.
A right is a justified claim against another person’s
behavior. So rights and duties are related in that the
rights of one person imply the duty of someone else to
uphold that right.
THEORY OF VALUE