Classification of Matter and Changes
Classification of Matter and Changes
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Classifying Matter
by Physical State
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas
based on the characteristics it exhibits.
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Crystalline Solids
• Some solids have their
particles arranged in an
orderly geometric
pattern─we call these
crystalline solids.
– salt
– diamonds
– sugar
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Amorphous Solids
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Liquids
• The particles in a liquid are closely
packed, but they have some ability to
move around.
• The close packing results in liquids
being incompressible.
• The ability of the particles to move
allows liquids to take the shape of
their container and to flow; however,
they don’t have enough freedom to
escape and expand to fill the
container.
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Gases
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Gases
• Because there is a lot of
empty space, the particles can
be squeezed closer together;
therefore, gases are
compressible.
• Because the particles are not
held in close contact and are
moving freely, gases expand
to fill and take the shape of
their container, and will flow.
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Classifying Matter by
Composition
• Another way to classify matter is to
examine its composition.
• composition includes:
– types of particles
– arrangement of the particles
– attractions and attachments between the
particles
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Classification of Matter
by Composition
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Classification of Pure
SubstancesCompounds
• Substances that can be decomposed are
called compounds.
– chemical combinations of elements
– composed of molecules that contain two or
more different kinds of atoms
– All molecules of a compound are identical, so
all samples of a compound behave the same
way.
• Most natural pure substances are
compounds.
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Classification of Pure Substances
1) made of one 1) made of one
type of atom type of
(some molecule, or
elements array of ions
found as multi- 2) units contain
atom two or more
molecules in different kinds
nature) of atoms
2) combine
together to
make
compounds
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Classification of Mixtures
• homogeneous = mixture that has uniform
composition throughout
– Every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
though another sample with the same components may
have different characteristics.
– atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
• heterogeneous = mixture that does not have
uniform composition throughout
– contains regions within the sample with different
characteristics
– atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly
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Classification of Mixtures
1) made of 1) made of
multiple multiple
substances, substances,
whose but appears
presence can to be one
be seen substance
2) Portions of a 2) All portions of
sample have an individual
different sample have
composition the same
and composition
properties. and
properties.
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Changes in Matter
• Changes that alter the state or
appearance of the matter without altering
the composition are called physical
changes.
• Changes that alter the composition of the
matter are called chemical changes.
– During the chemical change, the atoms that
are present rearrange into new molecules, but
all of the original atoms are still present.
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Physical Changes in Matter
The boiling of
water is a
physical change.
The water
molecules are
separated from
each other, but
their structure
and composition
do not change.
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Chemical Changes in Matter
The rusting of iron is
a chemical change.
The iron atoms in
the nail combine
with oxygen atoms
from O2 in the air to
make a new
substance, rust, with
a different
composition.
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Properties of Matter
• Physical properties are the characteristics
of matter that can be changed without
changing its composition.
– characteristics that are directly observable
C12H22O11(aq)
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Common Chemical Changes
• processes that cause
changes in the matter
that change its
composition
• rusting
• processes that release
lots of energy
• burning C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
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