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Title: Simple Pendulum: Name: Shreya Kanwar
Title: Simple Pendulum: Name: Shreya Kanwar
Guided By :
Mr. Balram Choudhary
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
GOVERNMENT WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
SIMPLE PENDULUM
• Length
• Mass of the bob
• Oscillation
• Equilibrium position
• Period
• Frequency
To Verify the relation T =2π√(L/g) for a Simple
Pendulum.
• Consider the bob at the position B during its vibratory motion as
shown in figure. Let ‘m’ be the mass of the bob and x be the
displacement of the bob from the mean position at position B.
There are two forces are acting on the bob at this position.
Weight mg of the bob acting vertically downward.
Tension T of the string acting along the direction of the string.
• The weight mg of the bob can be resolved into two rectangular
components:
mg cosθ=component of weight along the string
mg sinθ=component of the weight perpendicular to the string.
• As there is no motion of the bob in the direction of the string,
the component mg cosθ balances the tension in the string. So:
T = mg cosθ ……………(1
Continue …
• So these two cancel each other. Therefore, the component
mg sinθ is responsible for the motion of the bob which
brings the bob back towards its mean position. Thus mg
sinθ represents restoring force. So:
F =-mg sinθ …………….(2)
according to Newton’s second law of motion:
F =ma ……………………(3)
ma = -mg sinθ
ma + mg sinθ = 0
m Ẍ + mg sinθ
Ẍ + g x/L = 0 (sinθ = x/L )
ωn = √g/L
T = 2π/ωn
T = 2π√L/g
fn = 1/T
Experiment
• OBJECTIVE:
To verify the relation of simple pendulum
T = 2π √l/g
Where T = periodic time in sec, l = length of pendulum in
cm.
• APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Retort stand, Pendulum Bob, Wireless String, Metre Rule,
Stop watch.
• DESCRITION:
For conduction the experiment, a ball is supported by nylon
thread into a chuck. It is possible to change the length of
pendulum. This makes it possible to study the effect of
variation of length on periodic time. A small ball may be
substituted by large ball to illustrate that period of
oscillating is independent of the mass of ball.
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• THEROY:
A simple pendulum consists of a mass m hanging at the end of
a string of length L. The period of a pendulum or any
oscillatory motion is the time required for one complete cycle,
that is, the time to go back and forth once. If the amplitude of
motion of the swinging pendulum is small, then the pendulum
behaves approximately as a simple harmonic oscillator, and
the period T of the pendulum is given approximately by
T=2π√ (l/g)
• EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Attach the ball to one end of the thread.
Allow the ball to oscillate and determine the periodic time T
by knowing time for say 10 oscillations.
Repeat the experiment by changing the length
Complete the observation table given below.
Continue …
Continue …
• STANDARD DATA:
Acceleration due to Gravity, g =9.81m/s2
Formulae:
Time period, Tactual =t/n sec.
Time period, Ttheo. = 2π√ sec.
Where, T = time taken by ‘n’ oscillations, L = length of the
pendulum.
• OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:
Sr. no. L cm No . Of Time for n T sec T sec
osc. n osc. t sec (act.) t/n (theo.)
1
2
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• PRECAUTION:
The bob of the pendulum is displaced with a small angle.
The amplitude of the oscillation of a simple pendulum is
small.
The simple pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane only.
Switch off the fan to reduce the air resistance.
• CONCLUSION:
The length of simple pendulum is directly proportional to
the square of the period of oscillation.