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Biology Group 3
Biology Group 3
BIOLOGY
THE CELL 2
LECTURER: BÙI HỒNG THỦY
GROUP 3
2
GROUP 3
MEMBERS
1. NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG NHUNG
Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
Photosynthesis
Cell Communication
4
Knowledge Testing 1
Name the three stages of cellular respiration?
1 For each, state the region of the eukaryotic
cell where it occurs and the products that
result?
In general terms, explan the role of the
2 electron transport chain in cellular
respiration?
State the
Takes place in Takes place in Takes place in
region of the cytosol of the matrix of the inner
the the cytoplasm. mitochondrion. boundary
membrane of
eukaryotic mitochondrion.
cell
Transporting electron to
release the energy which
is created proton
gradient (between two
space of mitochondria
separated by
mitochondria's matrix)
by mean of pumping into
space between two
mitochondria's matrixes
creating a thermodynamic
state and this state is
carrying electric
potential to execute
activities.
Where and how respiratory electron transport chain
creates a proton gradient? 8
Organic compounds + O2
CO2+H20 + Energy (in form of ATP)
E Where and how respiratory electron transport
L 9
E chain creates a proton gradient?
C
T
R
O An electron transport
N chain (ETC) is a series of
complexes that transfer
T electrons from electron
R donors to electron
A acceptors via redox (both
N reduction and oxidation
S occurring simultaneously)
P reactions, and couples
O this electron transfer
R with the transfer of
T protons (H+ ions) across a
membrane of cell
C
H
A
I
N
10
WHERE IS IT
HAPPENED?
• In eukaryotes an important electron
transport chain is found in the inner
mitochondrial membrane where it serves
as the site of oxidative
phosphorylation through the action of
ATP synthase.
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
12
DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN
FERMENTATION Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration
AND ANAEROBIC Refers any group of chemical Refers to a type of cellular
RESPIRATION reactions induced by respiration that occurs in the
micoorganisms to convert sugars absence of oxygen
into carbon dioxide and athanol
Overview of
ethanol
fermentation
14
Glucose breaks
down without
oxygen.
The chemical
reaction
transfers energy
from glucose to
the cell
Produces lactic
acid, rather than
carbon dioxide
and water
15
Obligate Facultative Anaerobes
Obligate means to be restricted to a Facultative refers to the ability to live
particular characteristic under more than one specific
environmental condition
Knowledge Testing 2
Describe the similarities and differences between oxidative
1 phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation
in chloroplasts
In the process of
photosynthesis, the
phosphorylation of
ADP to form ATP
using the energy of
sunlight is called
photophosphorylation
The similarities :
19
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
Photophosphorylation:
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs during respiration Occurs during photosynthesis
Inside mitochondria Inside chloroplast
ATP is produced from ADP and Sunlight is the external energy source
inorganic phosphate by utilizing energy for photophosphorylation
released during electron transport.
Molecular O2 is required for terminal Molecular O2 is not required for
oxidation. photophosphorylation.
ATP molecules produced are released ATP molecules produced are used to fix
into the cytoplasm and these energy CO2 to carbohydrates in dark reaction.
molecules are used to carry out various
metabolic reactions of the cell.
21
• Photorespiration is a metabolic
pathway that consumes O2, evolves
C02
• It generates no ATP, it consumes ATP.
It produces no sugar. It counteracts
what normal plants do.
• Fostered on hot dry bright days (close
stomata)
• In the desert, some species have
evolved alternate modes of carbon
fixation that minimize
photorespiration (C4 and CAM)
Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations
that minimize photorespiration 24
C4
• Many are tropical grasses.
• Have an alternate means of fixing
carbon.
• C4 plants fix carbon before out in the
cytoplasm before it enters the Calvin
Cycle.
Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations
that minimize photorespiration 25
CAM
In the CAM pathway, carbon dioxide
reserves are created (temporal isolation) in
order to improve CO2 binding to Rubisco
• CAM plants are adapted to arid
environments where water loss is high
and stomata must remain closed during
the day
• The CO2 is converted into a 4C
compound during the night, when
stomata are open and CO2 is able to
diffuse into the leaf
• This allows reserves of CO2 to be created
for use during the day, when stomata are
closed and O2 cannot be released
26
BASIS FOR
C4 PATHWAY CAM
COMPARISON
Cells involved Mesophyll cell, Both C3 and C4 in
bundle sheath cells. same mesophyll
cells.
BASIS FOR
C4 PATHWAY CAM
COMPARISON
Photorespiration Not easily detectable. Detectable in the
afternoon.
For the production 12 NADPH and 30 ATPs 12 NADPH and 39
of glucose are required. ATPs are required.
Knowledge Testing 3
List two advantages of a multistep pathway in the
1 transduction stage of cell signaling. Compare and
contrast G protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine
kinase receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels.
1 2
Explain how an
original signal
molecule can
produce a cellular
response when it
may not even enter
the target cell.
34
Describe the role of apoptosis in normal development and
degenerative disease in vertebrates
Normal
Cancer
development
35