SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL

(OTOT, TULANG, SENDI)

Ashar Abilowo, S.ST.,M.Kes
SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL
• The musculoskeletal system includes the bones, joints, muscles,
tendons, ligaments, and bursae of the body.
• The functions of these components are highly integrated; therefore,
disease in or injury to one component adversely affects the others.
• For instance, an infection in a joint (septic arthritis) causes
degeneration of the articular surfaces of the bones within the joint
and local muscle atrophy.
• Diseases and injuries that involve the musculoskeletal system are
commonly implicated in disability and death.
• For example, the leading cause of disability in the United States is arthritis
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005).
• Osteoporosis-related fractures account for more than 432,000
hospitalizations yearly in the United States (National Osteoporosis
Foundation, 2008).
• Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries can significantly affect overall
productivity, independence, and quality of life in people of all ages.
• Nurses in all practice areas encounter patients with malfunction in the
musculoskeletal system.
Sistem skeletal

• Bone tissue is continuously growing, remodeling, and repairing itself.

It contributes to homeostasis of the body by providing support and
protection, producing blood cells, and storing minerals and
triglycerides
• A bone is composed of several different tissues working together:
bone or osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue,
epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.
• For this reason, each individual bone in your body is considered an
organ.
• Bone tissue, a complex and dynamic living tissue, continually engages
in a process called remodeling—the construction of new bone tissue
and breaking down of old bone tissue.
• The entire framework of bones and their cartilages, along with
ligaments and tendons, constitutes the skeletal system.
• The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is
called osteology
Struktur tulang
1. The diaphysis (dı¯-AF-i-sis growing between) is the bone’s shaft or
body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
2. The epiphyses (e-PIF-i-se¯z growing over; singular is epiphysis) are the
proximal and distal ends of the bone.
3. The metaphyses (me-TAF-i-se¯z; meta- between; singular is metaphysis)
are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth)
plate (ep-i-FIZ-e¯-al), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis
of the bone to grow in length (described later in the chapter).
When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14–24, the cartilage
in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure
is known as the epiphyseal line.
4. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the
part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint)
with another bone.
Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely
movable joints.
Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood
vessels, repair of damage is limited.
5. The periosteum (per-e¯-OS-te¯-um; peri- around) is a tough connective
tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone
surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective
tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells.
Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length.
The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps
nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and
tendons.
The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or
Sharpey’s fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the
periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.
6. The medullary cavity (MED-ul-er-e¯; medulla- marrow, pith), or
marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in
adults.
This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense
bony material where it is least needed.
The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with
minimum weight
7. The endosteum (end-OS-te¯-um; endo- within) is a thin membrane
that lines the medullary cavity.
It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of
connective tissue.
Fungsi dasar tulang
1. Support.
The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by
supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons
of most skeletal muscles.
2. Protection.
The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For
example, cranial bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects the
heart and lungs.
3. Assistance in movement.
Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on
bones to produce movement.
4. Mineral homeostasis (storage and release).
Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body.
It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which
contribute to the strength of bone.
Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s calcium.
On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain
critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the
minerals to other parts of the body.
5. Blood cell production.
Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow
produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process
called hemopoiesis (he¯m-o¯-poy-e¯-sis; hemo- blood; -poiesis
making).
Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes,
fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers.
It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult
bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone),
vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the bones of the humerus
(arm bone) and femur (thigh bone).
 In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis.
With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to
yellow.

6. Triglyceride storage.Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose

cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a
potential chemical energy reserve
Pembentukan tulang
Struktur otot mikroskopis
• The most important components of a skeletal muscle are the muscle fibers
themselves.
• The diameter of a mature skeletal muscle fiber ranges from 10 to 100 m.
• * The typical length of a mature skeletal muscle fiber is about 10 cm (4 in.),
although some are as long as 30 cm (12 in.).
• Because each skeletal muscle fiber arises during embryonic development
from the fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called
myoblasts (MI ¯-o¯-blasts) (Figure 10.2a), each mature skeletal muscle fiber
has a hundred or more nuclei.
• Once fusion has occurred, the muscle fiber loses its ability to undergo cell
division. Thus, the number of skeletal muscle fibers is set before you are
born, and most of these cells last a lifetime
• Pergerakan sendi
TUGAS INDIVIDU
• GUNAKAN BUKU TULIS
• TERJEMAHKAN REVIEW MATERI PADA BUKU PRICIPLES OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY – GERARD J TORTORA / BRYAN DERRICKSON 14th Edition Wiley
a. HALAMAN 189-190  Bone
b. HALAMAN 229-230  Axial Skeleton
c. HALAMAN 256-257  Appendicular Skeleton
d. HALAMAN 288-290  Joints
e. HALAMAN 324-326  Muscular Tissue
f. HALAMAN 397-398  The Muscular System
 T E
R IMA
K AS IH