The document summarizes key aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including its main components like bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. It describes how these components work together and how diseases or injuries to one part can affect the others. For example, a joint infection can lead to bone and muscle degeneration. Musculoskeletal diseases are a major cause of disability. The skeletal system includes bones, which provide structure, protect organs, allow movement and store minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through formation and breakdown. Students are assigned to individually translate reviews of related topics from an anatomy and physiology textbook into their notebooks.
The document summarizes key aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including its main components like bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. It describes how these components work together and how diseases or injuries to one part can affect the others. For example, a joint infection can lead to bone and muscle degeneration. Musculoskeletal diseases are a major cause of disability. The skeletal system includes bones, which provide structure, protect organs, allow movement and store minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through formation and breakdown. Students are assigned to individually translate reviews of related topics from an anatomy and physiology textbook into their notebooks.
The document summarizes key aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including its main components like bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments. It describes how these components work together and how diseases or injuries to one part can affect the others. For example, a joint infection can lead to bone and muscle degeneration. Musculoskeletal diseases are a major cause of disability. The skeletal system includes bones, which provide structure, protect organs, allow movement and store minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through formation and breakdown. Students are assigned to individually translate reviews of related topics from an anatomy and physiology textbook into their notebooks.
Ashar Abilowo, S.ST.,M.Kes SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL • The musculoskeletal system includes the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bursae of the body. • The functions of these components are highly integrated; therefore, disease in or injury to one component adversely affects the others. • For instance, an infection in a joint (septic arthritis) causes degeneration of the articular surfaces of the bones within the joint and local muscle atrophy. • Diseases and injuries that involve the musculoskeletal system are commonly implicated in disability and death. • For example, the leading cause of disability in the United States is arthritis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). • Osteoporosis-related fractures account for more than 432,000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States (National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2008). • Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries can significantly affect overall productivity, independence, and quality of life in people of all ages. • Nurses in all practice areas encounter patients with malfunction in the musculoskeletal system. Sistem skeletal
• Bone tissue is continuously growing, remodeling, and repairing itself.
It contributes to homeostasis of the body by providing support and protection, producing blood cells, and storing minerals and triglycerides • A bone is composed of several different tissues working together: bone or osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue. • For this reason, each individual bone in your body is considered an organ. • Bone tissue, a complex and dynamic living tissue, continually engages in a process called remodeling—the construction of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue. • The entire framework of bones and their cartilages, along with ligaments and tendons, constitutes the skeletal system. • The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is called osteology Struktur tulang 1. The diaphysis (dı¯-AF-i-sis growing between) is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone. 2. The epiphyses (e-PIF-i-se¯z growing over; singular is epiphysis) are the proximal and distal ends of the bone. 3. The metaphyses (me-TAF-i-se¯z; meta- between; singular is metaphysis) are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate (ep-i-FIZ-e¯-al), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length (described later in the chapter). When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 14–24, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line. 4. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints. Because articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium and lacks blood vessels, repair of damage is limited. 5. The periosteum (per-e¯-OS-te¯-um; peri- around) is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. Some of the cells enable bone to grow in thickness, but not in length. The periosteum also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers, thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix. 6. The medullary cavity (MED-ul-er-e¯; medulla- marrow, pith), or marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults. This cavity minimizes the weight of the bone by reducing the dense bony material where it is least needed. The long bones’ tubular design provides maximum strength with minimum weight 7. The endosteum (end-OS-te¯-um; endo- within) is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue. Fungsi dasar tulang 1. Support. The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles. 2. Protection. The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs. 3. Assistance in movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement. 4. Mineral homeostasis (storage and release). Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body. It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s calcium. On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body. 5. Blood cell production. Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis (he¯m-o¯-poy-e¯-sis; hemo- blood; -poiesis making). Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers. It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the bones of the humerus (arm bone) and femur (thigh bone). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.
6. Triglyceride storage.Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose
cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve Pembentukan tulang Struktur otot mikroskopis • The most important components of a skeletal muscle are the muscle fibers themselves. • The diameter of a mature skeletal muscle fiber ranges from 10 to 100 m. • * The typical length of a mature skeletal muscle fiber is about 10 cm (4 in.), although some are as long as 30 cm (12 in.). • Because each skeletal muscle fiber arises during embryonic development from the fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called myoblasts (MI ¯-o¯-blasts) (Figure 10.2a), each mature skeletal muscle fiber has a hundred or more nuclei. • Once fusion has occurred, the muscle fiber loses its ability to undergo cell division. Thus, the number of skeletal muscle fibers is set before you are born, and most of these cells last a lifetime • Pergerakan sendi TUGAS INDIVIDU • GUNAKAN BUKU TULIS • TERJEMAHKAN REVIEW MATERI PADA BUKU PRICIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – GERARD J TORTORA / BRYAN DERRICKSON 14th Edition Wiley a. HALAMAN 189-190 Bone b. HALAMAN 229-230 Axial Skeleton c. HALAMAN 256-257 Appendicular Skeleton d. HALAMAN 288-290 Joints e. HALAMAN 324-326 Muscular Tissue f. HALAMAN 397-398 The Muscular System T E R IMA K AS IH