Electrostatic Fields
Electrostatic Fields
Coulomb's Law
Gauss’s Law
Coulomb’s Law (1785)
Force one charge exerts on another
kQ1Q2
F 2
R Point
charges
+ R
+
where k= 9 x 109
or k = 1/4peo *Superposition
applies
Force with direction
Q1Q2
F12 aˆ
4peo R 2 12
Example
Example: Point charges 5nC and -2nC are located at
r1=(2,0,4) and r2=(-3,0,5), respectively.
a) Find the force on a 1nC point charge, Qx, located at
(1,-3,7)
Apply superposition:
1 Q1Qx rx r1 QxQ2 rx r2
F
4peo rx r1 3
rx r2
3
5,15,15 8,6,4
F 9 1.004,1.285,1.3998
82.81 156.2
Electric field intensity
Is the force per unit charge
when placed in the E field F
E
Q
Example: Point charges 5nC and -
Q
2nC are located at (2,0,4) and (-
E aˆ R
3,0,5), respectively.
4peo R 2
1 Q1 rx r1 Q2 rx r2
E
4peo rx r1 3
rx r2
3
If we have many charges
Line charge density, C/m
L
Surface charge density C/m2
S
Volume charge density C/m3
v
Q L dl Q S dS Q v dv
L S v
The total E-field intensity is
L dl
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
S dS
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
v dv
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
Find E from LINE charge
B
(0,0,z’) R sec a
dl
R R cos a â R sin a â z
A R
â R cos a â sin a â z
R
x
0
LINE charge z ' OT tan a
Substituting in: L dz ' dz ' [0 sec 2 a ]da
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
R sec a
z â R cos a â sin a â z
(x,y,z)
T dE
aL [ 2 sec 2 a ]da
E [cos a â sin a â z ]
B
4peo sec a
2 2
R
finite Line Charge :
(0,0,z’)
dl
L
E [(sin a 2 sin a1 ) â (cos a 2 cos a1 ) â z ]
4peo
A
infinite Line Charge (a1,2 90o )
x
0 L
E â
2peo
More Charge distributions
Point charge
Line charge
Surface charge
Volume charge
Find E from Surface charge
S dS
dE aˆ
Sheet of charge dQ S dS 4peo R 2 R
w/uniform density S
z dS dd
R (â ) hâ z
y
R
â R
R
S d d â ρ hâ z
dE
4peo h2 2
3
2
SURFACE charge
Due to SYMMETRY S 2p h d
the component cancels
Ez
4peo 0
d
0
2
h 2
3
2
out.
S
h
Ez 2p
4peo
h
2 2
0
P(0,0,z)
dv r '2 sin ' d ' d ' dr '
dE
RdR
(r’,’,’ sin ' d '
zr '
’
v 2p z r '
’ v
a 2 2 2
RdR z R r ' 1
Ez d '
2
r' dr '
4peo 0 r '0 R z r '
zr ' 2 zR R 2
x
a3 Q
E v aˆ aˆ
De donde salen los
limites de R? 3e o r 2 z
4peo r 2 r
P.E. 4.5
A square plate at plane z=0 and x 2, y 2
carries a charge 12 y mC/m2 . Find the total
charge on the plate and the electric field intensity at
(0,0,10).
2 2 2 2 2 2
y
Q dx 12 y dy dx 12(2) ydy 4 12(2) 192 mC
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 0 2 0
s s dS r r '
E dS aˆ r
4peo r 2 4peo r r ' 3
r r ' (0,0,10) ( x' , y ' ,0) ( x' , y ' ,10)
z
Cont…sheet
charge
of
y=2
x=2
( x, y,10)
2 2
12 y dxdy
E
2 y 2
4peo x 2
y 100
2
3/ 2
2 2
xdxdy ˆ
a
2 2
y y dxdy ˆ
a 2 2
10 y dxdyaˆ z
108 10 y y
6 x y
2 x 2 x
2
y 2
100
3/ 2
2 x 2 x 2
y 2
100
3/ 2
2 x 2 x 2
y2
100
3/ 2
v dv
D eoE ˆ
a [C / m 2
]
4pR 2 R
v D
Gauss’s Law
The total electric flux ,
through any closed
v dv
D eoE aˆ
surface is equal to the 4pR 2 R
total charge enclosed by Qenc D dS v dv
that surface. S v
Some examples: Finding D at point
P from the charges:
D Point Charge is at the origin.
P Q D dS
r S
Q
D aˆ
4pr 2 r
Some examples: Finding D at point P
from the charges:
Infinite Line Charge
l dl Q D dS
S
Line D
charge
Choose a cylindrical dS
P
Note that integral =0 at top and
bottom surfaces of cylinder
Q D dS D 2pl
L
D aˆ
S
2p
Some examples: Find D at point P
from the charges:
Infinite Sheet of charge
D
s dS Q D dS
sheet of S
charge
Choose a cylindrical box
cutting the sheet
Area A
D
S A Q Ds dS dS
top bottom
S Note that D is parallel to the
D aˆ z sides of the box.
2 S A Ds A A
P.E. A point charge of 30nC is located at the origin, while
plane y=3 carries charge 10nC/m2.
4.7 Find D at (0, 4, 3)
Q s
D DQ D ˆ
a ˆ
a
4pr 2 r n
2
30 10 9
D (0,4,3) (0,0,0) aˆ y
10n
4p 4 3
2 2
3
2
30 10 9
D (0,4,3) 5naˆ y
4p 5
3
Q 2C
Review
Point charge or Q
volume D aˆ
Charge distribution 4pr 2 r
Line charge L
distribution D aˆ
2p
Sheet charge
distribution S
D aˆ n
2
We will study Electric charges:
V (r ) E dl
Q
aˆ dr 'aˆr
Q 1
Q
V
4peo r ' 2 r
4peo r ' 4peo r
For many Point charges at rk:
1 n Qk
(apply superposition) V (r ) V
4peo k 1 rˆ rˆk
1 L rˆ'dl '
For Line Charges: V (rˆ)
4peo L
rˆ rˆ'
For Surface charges:
1 s rˆ'dS '
V (rˆ)
4peo
S
rˆ rˆ'
For Volume charges: 1 v rˆ'dv'
V (rˆ)
4peo
v
rˆ rˆ'
A point charge of -4mC is located at (2,-1,3)
P.E. 4.10 A point charge of 5mC is located at (0,4,-2)
A point charge of 3mC is located at the origin
r r1 (1,5,2) (2,1,3) 46
r r2 (1,5,2) (0,4,2) 18
r r3 (1,5,2) (0,0,0) 30
10 6 4 5 3
V (1,5,2) 9
=10.23 kV
1 / 9 10 46 18 30
Example
A line charge of 5nC/m is located on line x=10, y=20
Assume V(0,0,0)=0 and Find the potential at A(3, 0, 5)
L
V (rˆ) E dl aˆ d aˆ
2peo
L
V (rˆ) ln C
2peo
L
Vorigin VA ln o ln A
2peo
0 VA 4.8 VA=+4.8V
0=|(0,0,0)-(10,20,0)|=22.36 and A=|(3,0,5)-(10,20,0)|= 21.2
A point charge of 5nC is located at the origin
P.E. 4.11 V(0,6,-8)=2V and Find the potential at A(-3, 2, 6)
Find the potential at B(1,5,7), the potential difference VAB
r (0,0,0) (0,6,8) 10
Q
V C 5n C 2.5
4peo r 2
4peo 10
C
5n
VA C 3.93V
4peo (3,2,6) (0,0,0)
5n
VB 2.5 2.696V
4peo (1,5,7) (0,0,0)
VAB VB VA 1.233V
Relation between E and V
V is independent of the path taken.
B
VAB VBA
VAB VBA E dl 0
E dl E dS 0
S
A
Static E satisfies:
E 0 B
Condition for Conservative field = independent
of path of integration
dV E dl
Ex dx E y dy Ez dz
V V V
dV dx dy dz
x y z
A
E V
Given that E=(3x2+y)ax +x ay kV/m, find the
P.E. 4.12 work done in moving a -2mC charge from
(0,5,0) to (2,-1,0) by taking the straight-line
path.
a) (0,5,0)→(2,5,0) →(2,-1,0) W
Q
E dl 3x y dx xdy
2
1
W
2
3x 2 y dx xdy
Q 0 5
W (Q)(18 12) W 6(2m )12mJ
b) y = 5-3x
dy 3dx
W
Q
2
E dl 3x 5 3x dx x(3dx)
W W
3x 6 x 5dx
2
2 8 12 10 6 W 12mJ
Q 0 Q
Given the potential V 10 sin cos
Example 2
r
p
2, ,0
Find D at 2 .
D e o E e o V
In spherical coordinates:
V 1 V 1 V
E ar
ˆ a
ˆ aˆ
r r r sin
20 10 10 V
E 3 sin cos aˆ r 3 cos cos aˆ 3 sin aˆ
r r r
20
D eo E e o aˆ r 0aˆ 0aˆ
( 2 ,p / 2 , 0 )
8
D 22.1ar C / m
ˆ 2
Electric Dipole
Is formed when 2 point charges of equal but opposite
sign are separated by a small distance.
Q 1 1 Q r2 r1
z
P
V
4peo r1 r2 4peo r1r2
r1
Q+ For far away observation points (r>>d):
r
r2 Q d cos
V
d
y 4peo r 2
Q-
Energy Density in Electrostatic
fields
It can be shown that the
total electric work done
is:
1 eo
WE D Edv E 2 dv
2v 2 v