Topic 2 - CHM421
Topic 2 - CHM421
Auxillary balance
(Top pan balance)
Single pan mechanical
analytical balance Electronic analytical
balance
4
2.1.1 : Analytical Balances
Leveling screw
• Screw for adjusting the level of the balance’s base.
pan
Door access
• Sliding doors that provide easy access to the inside of the
glass case.
a b
Question:
Refer to picture a, b & c. Describe the situation
and its effect to the analytical balance.
c
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2.1.2 : Care & use
Always handle the analytical balance with great care.
Never drop the analytical balance,
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2.1.2 : Care & use
General rule for weighing:
Before using the analytical balance, it should be warmed up for at least for 15
minutes.
Before turning on, be sure that the doors are closed and the pan is not touching
the draft ring.
Never handle objects to be weighed with fingers. Use tongs or finger pads to
prevent the uptake of moisture by dried objects.
Center the substance to be weighed on the pan.
Weigh at room temperature.
Never place chemicals directly on the pan, but weigh them in a vessel (weighing
bottle / dish / boat / small beaker).
Always brush spilled chemicals off immediately with a soft brush.
Always close the balance case door before making the weighing. Air currents will
cause the balance to be unsteady.
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2.1.2 : Care & use
Weighing of solids
o Then the weighing bottle and the sample are reweight, and from the
difference in weight, the weight of sample calculated.
o The next sample is transferred and the weight is repeated to get its
weight by difference, and so on.
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2.1.2 : Care & use
Weighing of liquids/solution
o An analytical balance is a delicate instrument that you must handle with care.
o Consult with your instructor for detailed instructions on weighing with your particular model of
balance.
o Observe the following general rules for working with an analytical balance regardless of make or
model:
o The weighings that are made on a balance will, of course, give the weight in air. When an
object displaces its volume in air, it will buoyed up by the weight of air displaced.
(Archimedes’principle).
o Actually in most cases, a correction is not necessary because the error resulting from
buoyancy will cancel out in percent composition calculation.
o The same error will occur in the numerator (as the concentration of a standard solution or
weight of a gravimetic precipitate) and in the denominator (as the weight sample).
o Of course, all weighing must be made with materials in the same type of container (same
density) to keep the error constant.
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2.1.3 : Error in weighing (buoyancy)
o A buoyancy error will affect data if the density of the object being weighed differ significantly from
that of the standard weight.
o This error has its origin in the difference in the buoyant force exerted by the medium (air) on the
object and on the weights.
o Weight of object in air can be corrected to the weight in vacuum by:
dair dair
W1 = W2 + W2
dobj dwts
GLASSWARE
Non
Volumetric Volumetric
TC
TD TC
To To
Deliver Contain
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2.2 : Volumetric glassware
GLASSWARE
TC TD
Volumetric
for preparation for transferring
of standard Volumetric
Pipette liquid between
solution flask containers
Graduated
cylinder Buret
GLASSWARE
Non
Volumetric
Beaker TC
Flask
1
Two common types of pipettes
2
Volumetric or transfer pipette (bulb pipette)-(TD)
Sizes of 100 mL
Measuring or graduated pipette (clinical,
to 5 mL or less.
Mohr or serological pipet)-(TC)
INDIRECT
o Volumetric glassware calibrated
CALIBRATION OF GLASSWARE by comparison of the mass of
water it contains or delivers at
a particular temperature with
that of another vessel which
DIRECT had been calibrated directly.
Method for
warm detergent
Cleaning Ultrasonic
glassware cleaning
Potassium dichromate
sulphuric acid
cleaning solution
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2.3 : Water for laboratory use
Distilled water
Think!
What can’t be removed from distillation and WHY?
What will happen to the boiler after period of time?
What the other applications of distilled water besides
using in laboratory?
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Distillation process
A > the dirty water is heated
B > to the boiling point and thus vaporizes
C C > (becomes steam), while other substances remain in solid state, in
boiler. Steam is then directed into a cooler .
B
D > where it cools down and returns to liquid water
E > and the end result is a water, purified of additional substances
D
found in it before distillation
E
A
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2.3 : Water for laboratory use
Deionized water
o Deionized water is a type of water which removed all of its ions, and it has no charge.
o It can be created by taking conventional water and letting it exposed to electrically charged resins that
will bind and attract to salts, and remove them from the water
o Uses:
analytical blanks
calibration standards
chemistry experiments
involving ionic compounds
solutions preparation
Preparation of electrolytes for
alkaline and acid-based
batteries
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Deionized water process
A. The vast majority of dissolved
impurities in modern water
OH- + supplies are ions such as calcium,
H+ A OH- + sodium, chlorides, etc.
H+ Na OH- +
CI- B. the deionization process removes
H+ B + CI- B +
ions from water via ion exchange.
Na+
C. Positively charged ions (cations)
and negatively charged ions
C (anions) are exchanged for
hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-)
ions, respectively, due to the
resin's greater affinity for other
ions.
H+ OH- D
D. The ion exchange process
occurs on the binding sites of
the resin
beads.
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2.4 : Heating apparatus
Heatingapparatus Heating
mantle
Electricoven
Hotplate
Laboratory
Electricfurnace
oven
Microwaveoven
Memmert
dryingoven LabBunsenburner
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2.4 : Heating apparatus
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2.5 : Dessicators
o Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used
for preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride
paper for another use.
o Desiccant itself is defined as: A substance that has a high affinity for water and is used as a drying
agent – from the Latin word desiccans.
o Commercially, desiccant materials are supplied as; Montmorillonite Clay, Silica Gel, Indicating
Silica Gel, Molecular Sieve, Calcium Oxide, Calcium Sulfate and Zeolite.
o Specific applications:
1. Gravity filtration
2. Vacuum Filtration
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2.6 : Filtration apparatus & techniques
Simple
Pleated / Fluted
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2.6 : Filtration apparatus & techniques
Vacuum filtration
CLASSIFYING CHEMICALS
Laboratoty, Purified &
Technical Grade