Principle, Methodology and Application of Gas Chromatography (GC)
Principle, Methodology and Application of Gas Chromatography (GC)
APPLICATION OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC)
CHAPTER 7
BMS481
Lesson Learning Outcome (LLO)
Chemical/Petrochemical
Clinical/Forensic
Consumer Products
Environmental
Food
Pharmaceutical
Why Gas Chromatography?
Simple
Cheap (can be automated)
Short analysis times
High accuracy
Qualitative and Quantitative analysis
Applicable in % to ppb level
Should be thermally stable
Compounds
Should be un-reactive and
Amenable to non-absorptive to
GC???? chromatographic system
*Mobile phases
Gases (N2, He, H2, Ar)…GC
GC Principle
The principle of GC involves separation ofvolatile components of the
sample based on their distribution and partition co-efficient between two
phases.
This is ratio of solubility of substance in between gaseous mobile phase and
stationary liquid phase.
The components of the sample that are partitioned into gas come out first
while others come later
How gas chromatography works
Commonly used in GC
Higher resolution, shorter analysis time, and greater sensitivity
Low sample capacity
Capillary column
materials
Metal Tubing- MXT
Stainless steel
Almost as inert as fused silica but useable up
to approx. 450 °C
Fused Silica
Synthethic, amorphous glass
Excellent inertness and useable to approx.
380 °C (400 °C)
Types of Capillary
columns
WCOT
Partition chromatography
Typical phases: Siloxanes and Polyethylene glycols
0.10 to 0.53mm internal diameters
PLOT
Adsorption chromatography
Gas, light hydrocarbons/solvent analysis
Adsorbents: porous polymers, alumina (<1 um particle
diameter)
0.25 to 0.53mm internal diameter
The critical parameters for GC column:
Column
• Dimensions : internal diameter, column length, film
selection thickness
• Conditions: temperature, flow rate
parameters • Composition: stationary phase composition, carrier gas
to concentration of standard if
unknown/standard have the
identical retention time same
compound
Concentration of Standard
Type of detectors
Order of elution
(retention time) is
mainly determined by
volatility
The volatility also
depends on polarity of
the compound and
between the stationary
phase
Polar compound = least volatile = most retained
Polar compound = polar stationary phase = most retained
The number of components in
a sample is determined by the
number of peaks
The amount of a given
component in a sample is
determined by the area under
the peaks
The identity of components
can be determined by the
given retention times – Must
be couple with another
instrument (e.g. MS)
THANK YOU
TEST 2
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