Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Understanding The Z - Score
Understanding The Z - Score
Z - Score
Z – Score
• The number found below the
normal curve
• It indicates the area under the
normal curve
2
Z – Score
• The areas under the normal curve
are given in terms z – values or
scores. Either the z – scores locates
X within the sample or within a
population
3
The formula for calculating z is:
𝑿−𝝁
𝒛= (z – score for population
𝝈
data)
𝑿−ഥ𝒙
𝒛= (z – score for sample data)
𝒔
4
Example 1
Given the mean 𝝁 = 𝟓𝟎 and the
standard deviation,𝝈 = 𝟒 of
population of reading scores. Find
the z – value that corresponds to
score 𝑿 = 𝟓𝟖.
Answer: 2
5
Example 2
Locate the z – value that corresponds
to a PE score of 39 given that 𝝁 =
𝟒𝟓 and 𝝈 = 𝟔.
Answer: -1
6
Given 𝑿ഥ = 𝟔𝟐 and 𝒔 = 𝟖. Find the z –
score value that corresponds to
each of the following scores up to
two decimal places:
1. 𝑿 = 𝟕𝟎
2. 𝑿 = 𝟕𝟖
3. 𝑿 = 𝟖𝟐
4. 𝑿 = 𝟓𝟎
5. 𝑿 = 𝟒𝟐
7
Identifying
Regions of Areas
Under the
Normal Curve
• Draw a sketch of normal curve
• Draw a vertical line through the
specified z – values and shade the
region.
1. 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟏
2. 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = −𝟏
3. 𝒛 = 𝟏 and 𝒛 = 𝟐
4. 𝒛 = −𝟏 and 𝒛 = −𝟐
5. 𝒛 = 𝟐 and 𝒛 = 𝟑
9
To find the area under the curve is
the intersection of the first column
and the first row if the table
10
Take Note:
11
Find the area that corresponds to the
following:
13
Determining
Probabilities
Using the Normal
Distribution Table
Notations:
𝑃 𝑎<𝑧<𝑏 denotes the probability that
the z – score is between a
and b.
𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎) denotes the probability that
the z – scores is greater
than a
𝑃 𝑧<𝑎 denotes the probability that
the z – score is less than a
15
For example:
To denote the area between 𝑧 = 1 and
𝑧 = 2 we use the notation:
𝑃 1 < 𝑧 < 2 = 0.1359
which read as “The probability that the z –
score falls between 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 2 is
0.1359
16
Case 1: The required area, as
depicted by the shaded regions under
the curve
‘greater than z’
‘at least z’
‘more than z’
‘to the right of z’
‘above z’
17
Examples:
18
Case 2: The required area is:
‘less than z’
‘at most z’
‘no more than z’
‘not greater than z’
‘to the left of z’
19
Examples:
20
Case 3: Models when the required
area is between 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 .
21
Examples:
1. Find the area to the between 𝑧 = −2
and 𝑧 = −1.5
Answer: 𝑃 −2 < 𝑧 < −1.5 = 0.0440
2. Find the area the between 𝑧 = 0.98 and
𝑧 = 2.58
Answer: 𝑃 0.98 < 𝑧 < 2.58 = 0.1586
22
Case 4: Models when the required
area is between −𝒛 and 𝒛.
23
Examples:
1. Find the area to the between 𝑧 = −1.32
and 𝑧 = 2.37
Answer: 𝑃 −1.32 < 𝑧 < 2.37 = 0.0845
24
Determine the areas each of the
following z – scores. Use probability
notation for your answer.
1. above 𝑧 = 1.46
2. below 𝑧 = −0.58
3. between 𝑧 = −0.78 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1.95
4. between 𝑧 = 0.76 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.88
5. between 𝑧 = −0.92 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1.75
25
Locating
Percentiles
Under the
Normal Curve
Percentile
- a measure of relative standing
- a descriptive measure of the
relationship of a measurement to the
rest of data
27
For example:
In a test of Algebra, you got a score of 82
and you want to know how you fared in
comparison with your classmates. If your
teacher tells you that you scored at the
90th percentile, it means that 90% of the
grades were lower than yours and 10%
were higher.
28
3 things to remember when we are given
probabilities and we want to know their
corresponding z – scores.
1. A probability value corresponds to an area
under the normal curve.
2. In the Table of Areas Under the Normal
Curve, the numbers in the extreme left and
across the top z – scores, which are the
distances along the horizontal scale.
3. The z – scores to the left of the mean are
negative values. 29
Thus when we are given the area and we wish
to find the corresponding z – value, we locate
the given area at the body of the table.
30
Examples:
1. Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.
Answer: 𝑧 = 1.645
2. Find the upper 10% of the normal curve.
Answer: Above 𝑧 = 1.28 or 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.28)
31
Find each of the following
percentile points under the
normal curve.
1. 𝑃99
2. 𝑃90
3. 𝑃68
4. 𝑃40
5. 𝑃32
32
33
Instructions for use
EDIT IN GOOGLE SLIDES EDIT IN POWERPOINT®
Click on the button under the Click on the button under the
presentation preview that says "Use presentation preview that says
as Google Slides Theme". "Download as PowerPoint template".
You will get a .pptx file that you can
You will get a copy of this document
edit in PowerPoint.
on your Google Drive and will be
able to edit, add or delete slides. Remember to download and install
the fonts used in this presentation
You have to be signed in to your
(you’ll find the links to the font files
Google account.
needed in the Presentation design
slide)
This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits slide
or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer.
34
Hello!
I am Jayden Smith
I am here because I love to give presentations.
You can find me at @username
35
The z-
36
1
Transition headline
Let’s start with the first set of slides
37
“
Quotations are commonly printed
as a means of inspiration and to
invoke philosophical thoughts from
the reader.
38
This is a slide title
White Black
Is the color of milk Is the color of coal,
and fresh snow, the ebony, and of outer
color produced by space. It is the
the combination of all darkest color, the
the colors of the result of the absence
visible spectrum. of or complete
absorption of light.
41
In two or three columns
42
A picture is worth a thousand
words
43
Want big impact?
Use big image.
44
Use charts to explain your ideas
45
Use Diagrams to break down your message
A B C
Yellow 10 20 7
Blue 30 15 10
Orange 5 24 16
47
Maps
OUR
OFFICE
48
89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?
49
89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money
185,244 users
And a lot of users
100%
Total success!
50
Our process is easy
first last
second
51
Let’s review some concepts
52
You can copy&paste graphs from Google Sheets
53
Place your screenshot
here
Android project
Show and explain your web, app or software projects
using these gadget templates.
54
Place your
screenshot here
iPhone project
Show and explain your web, app or software projects
using these gadget templates.
55
Place your screenshot here
Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app or software projects
using these gadget templates.
56
Place your screenshot here
Desktop project
Show and explain your web, app or software projects
using these gadget templates.
57
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at @username & [email protected]
58
Presentation design
This presentation uses the following typographies and colors:
◎ Titles: Nixie One
◎ Body copy: Varela Round
You can download the fonts on these pages:
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nixie-one
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/varela-round
59
Credits
60
SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes.
Examples:
61
😉
Now you can use any emoji as an icon!
And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the color.
✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂
😉😋😒😭👶😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨🎃🎈
🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more...
62
Free templates for all your presentation needs
For PowerPoint and 100% free for personal Ready to use, Blow your audience
Google Slides or commercial use professional and away with attractive
customizable visuals