Lesson 3 - Defining Culture and Society From The Perspectives of Anthropology and Sociology

LESSON 3: DEFINING
CULTURE AND SOCIETY

FROM THE PERSPECTIVES
OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIETY V.S CULTURE
SOCIETY CULTURE
 Describes a group of  Refers to the “complex
people who share a whole” which
common territory and a
culture.
Neither SOCIETY encompasses beliefs,
practices, values,
nor CULTURE attitudes, laws, norms,
 Represents the social
structures and
could exist artifacts, symbols,
knowledge and
organizations of the without the other. everything that a person
people who share those learns and shares as a
beliefs and practices. member of society.
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES
 the earliest form of society.
 Themembers survive primarily by hunting,

trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.
The majority of the members' time is spent
looking for and gathering food.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNTING AND
GATHERING SOCIETY
 Family is the society's primary institution. Family determines the distribution of food and
how to socialize children.
 These societies are small compared to the others. They generally have less than 50
members.
 Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic, which means that they move
constantly in order to find food and water.
 Members of hunting and gathering societies are mutually dependent upon each
other.
 Although there is an equal division of labor among the members of hunting and
gathering societies, there is a division of labor based on sex. Men are typically
responsible for hunting, and women are typically gatherers.
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
 Began around 12,000 years ago.

 These societies rely on products obtained through the
domestication and breeding of animals for transportation
and food.
 Pastoral societies also allow for job specialization, since not
everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food. For example,
while some people breed animals, others are able to
produce tools or clothing, which allows for specialization in
these areas.
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
 emerged between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago in

Latin America, Asia, and parts of the Middle East.
 These
societies rely on the cultivation of fruits,
vegetables, and plants in order to survive.
 Horticultural
societies are often forced to relocate
when the resources of the land are depleted or when
the water supplies decrease.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
 rely on the use of technology in order to

cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat,
rice, and corn.
 The technological advances led to an increase
in food supplies, an increase in population, and
the development of trade centers.
Agricultural societies developed roughly in
this order
 Animals are used to pull plows.
 Plowing allows for the cultivation of larger areas of land.
 Soil drying caused by plowing leads to higher crop yields over longer periods
of time.
 High volumes of food production allow people to build permanent homes in a
single location.
 Towns develop, which eventually grow into cities.
 Job specialization increases as high-yield crops allow people to focus on skills
and crafts other than farming.
 Fewer people are involved with food production, and economies diversify as a
result.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Theyuse advanced sources of energy to run

large machinery which led to industrialization.
 Innovations in transportation led people to

travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
POST - INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 Their
economy is based on services and
technology, not production.
 The
economy is dependent on tangible goods,
people must pursue greater education.
ASPECTS
OF
CULTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE
MATERIAL CULTURE NON - MATERIAL CULTURE
 includes all TANGIBLE

materials.  Includes all INTANGIBLE
 Example: tools, furniture,
buildings, bridges, gadgets
materials.
etc.  There are TWO
 Components of culture which CLASSIFICATIONS:
are created/produced,
changed and utilized by  Cognitive Culture
people are all included in  Normative Culture
material culture.
COGNITIVE VS NORMATIVE
CULTURE
COGNITIVE CULTURE NORMATIVE CULTURE
Includes the ideas, Includes all the

concepts, philosophies,
designs etc. that are expectations,
products of the mental or standards and rules
intellectual functioning
and reasoning of the for human
human mind. behavior.
ELEMENTS
OF
CULTURE
BELIEFS
 Are conceptions or ideas people have about what is
true in the environment around them like what is life,
how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the value of
life relate with his or her interaction with others and
the world.
 These mat be based on common sense, folk wisdom,

religion, science or a combination of all these.
EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO
FOLK BELIEFS
If you take a
picture with 3
people the
middle person
will die.
If you take a
picture with 3
people the
middle person
will die.
You should not sleep
while you are hungry
because your spirit
will go to a place
where there’s food
and it will become
trapped there.
If you get a
wound, a grain
of rice or trains
will come out of
it.
If you will sleep
with wet hair, it
will make you
crazy, bald or
blind.
If you are
lost, turn your
clothes
inside out
because the
elves are
teasing you.
Dropping utensils
means that someone’s
coming. If a spoon
falls, a woman will
come. If a fork falls, a
man will arrive.
If you point your finger
at night or at trees at
night you have to bite
your finger because if
you don’t you’ll have
bad luck.
You should jump
on New Year’s
Eve so you’ll get
taller and grow
faster.
When you bite your
tongue, choose a
number between 1 to
26 and determine its
corresponding letter
from the alphabet. The
first one that pops into
your head whose
name starts with that
letter means that the
person just thought
about you.
VALUES
 Describeswhat is appropriate or inappropriate
(good or bad; desirable or undesirable; worthy or
unworthy) in a given society or what ought to be.
 These
are broad, abstract and shared to influence
and guide the behavior of people.
SYMBOLS
Used to understand each other.
Itcan be VERBAL or NON – VERBAL that

communicate meaning that people
recognize and shared.
LANGUAGE
Isa shared set of spoken and written

symbols.
It
is known as the “STOREHOUSE OF
CULTURE.”
TECHNOLOGY
refers to the application of knowledge
and equipment to ease the task of living
and maintaining the environment.
It
includes all artifacts, methods and
devices created and used by people.
NORMS
are specific rules/standards to

guide appropriate behavior.
FOLKWAYS
Also known as customs, these are norms

for everyday behavior that people
follow for the sake of tradition or
convenience.
Breaking a folkway does not usually
have serious consequences.
MORES
Theseare strict norms that control moral

and ethical behavior.
Arenorms based on definition of right or

wrong.
TABOOS
Norms that society holds so

strongly that violating it result in
extreme disgust.
LAWS
These are codified ethics and formally

agreed , written down and enforced
by an official law enforcement
agency.

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LESSON 3: DEFINING

CULTURE AND SOCIETY

 the earliest form of society.

 Themembers survive primarily by hunting,

 Began around 12,000 years ago.

 emerged between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago in

 rely on the use of technology in order to

 Theyuse advanced sources of energy to run

 Innovations in transportation led people to

MATERIAL CULTURE NON - MATERIAL CULTURE

 includes all TANGIBLE

Includes the ideas, Includes all the

 These mat be based on common sense, folk wisdom,

Used to understand each other.

Itcan be VERBAL or NON – VERBAL that

Isa shared set of spoken and written

are specific rules/standards to

Also known as customs, these are norms

Theseare strict norms that control moral

Arenorms based on definition of right or

Norms that society holds so

These are codified ethics and formally

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