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Chem 65 Chapter 8
Chem 65 Chapter 8
Octane mixes
with oxygen
2
Global Warming: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
• The combustion of
fossil fuels such as
octane (shown here)
produces water and
carbon dioxide as
products.
• Carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas that is
believed to be
responsible for global
warming.
The greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse gases
act like glass in a
greenhouse, allowing
visible-light energy to
enter the atmosphere
but preventing heat
energy from escaping.
• Outgoing heat is
trapped by
greenhouse gases.
Combustion of fossil fuels produces CO 2.
8
MOLAR
RATIOS
For example:
9
Examples:
Determine each mole ratio below based on the
reaction shown:
mol O 2 13
=
mol CO 2 8
mol C4 H10 2
=
mol H 2O 10
10
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry - Allows us to predict products that
form in a reaction based on amount of reactants.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
Stoichiometric calculations can be classified as
Mass-mass
one of the following:
calculations
MASS of Mass-mole
MASS of
Mole-mole
calculations
compound B
compound A
calculations
MM MM
12
MOLE-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
Relates moles of reactants and products in a
balanced chemical equation
13
Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
32 moles of hydrogen? (Assume excess N2 present)
2 mol NH 3
32 mol H2 x
3 mol H 2 = 21 mol NH3
Mole ratio
14
Example 2:
In one experiment, 6.80 mol of ammonia are
prepared. How many moles of hydrogen were used
up in this experiment?
Mole ratio
15
MASS-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
Relates moles and mass of reactants or products
in a balanced chemical equation
MASS of
compound A
MM
16
Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
the reaction of 125 g of nitrogen?
1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
125 g N2 x x = 8.93 mol NH3
28.0 g N 2 1 mol N 2
MASS of MASS of
compound A compound B
MM MM
18
Example 1:
What mass of carbon dioxide will be produced from
the reaction of 175 g of propane, as shown?
Moles of
Mass of Moles of
carbon
propane propane
dioxide
Mass of
carbon dioxide
19
Example 1:
1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
1 mol C3 H 8 3 mol CO 2
175 g C3H8 x x
44.1 g C3 H 8 1 mol C3 H 8
44.0 g CO 2
x
1 mol CO 2 = 524 g CO2
Molar mass
Molar mass Mole ratio
20
LIMITING
REACTANT
When 2 or more reactants are combined in non-
stoichiometric ratios, the amount of product
produced is limited by the reactant that is not in
excess.
This reactant is referred to as limiting reactant.
When doing stoichiometric problems of this
type, the limiting reactant must be determined
first before proceeding with the calculations.
21
LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY
22
LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY
The number
How many sundaes
of sundaes
can possible
be prepared
is limited
from the
by the
followingofingredients:
amount syrup, the limiting reactant.
Limiting
reactant
Excess
reactants 23
LIMITING
REACTANT
When
Comparesolving
yourlimiting
answersreactant
for eachproblems,
assumption; the
assumevalue
lower eachisreactant is limiting
the correct reactant,
assumption. and
Lower
calculate the desired quantity based onvalue
that is
assumption. correct
A+B C
A is LR Calculate
amount of C
B is LR Calculate
amount of C
24
Example 1:
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry
was a mixture of N2H4 and N2O4, as shown below.
How many grams of N2 gas is produced when 100 g
of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4 are mixed?
Limiting Mass-mass
reactant calculations
25
Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2H4 is LR
x
1 mol N 2 H 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
100 g N2H4
32.04 g N 2 H 4 2 mol N 2 H 4
4.68 mol N2
26
Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Assume N2O4 is LR
x
1 mol N 2O 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
200 g N2O4
92.00 g N 2O 4 1 mol N 2O 4
6.52 mol N2
27
Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Correct
N2H4 is
amount
LR
28
Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
Calculate mass of N2
x
28.0 g N2
4.68 mol N2
1 mol N 2 = 131 g N2
29
Example 2:
How many grams of AgBr can be produced when
50.0 g of MgBr2 is mixed with 100.0 g of AgNO3, as
shown below:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Limiting
Reactant
30
Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Assume MgBr2 is LR
1 mol MgBr2
x
2 mol AgBr
50.0 g MgBr2 x
184.1 g MgBr2 1 mol MgBr2
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 102 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
31
Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Assume AgNO3 is LR
1 mol AgNO 3
x
2 mol AgBr
100.0 g AgNO3 x
169.9 g AgNO 3 2 mol AgNO 3
x
187.8 g AgBr
= 111 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr
32
Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3 2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2
Correct
MgBr2
amount
is LR
33
PERCENT YIELD
34
PERCENT YIELD
Actual yield
x100 = Percent yield
Theoretical yield
35
Example 1:
In an experiment forming ethanol, the theoretical
yield is 50.0 g and the actual yield is 46.8 g. What is
the percent yield for this reaction?
36
Example 2:
Silicon carbide can be formed from the reaction of
sand (SiO2) with carbon as shown below:
37
Example 2:
1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s) 1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)
x
1 mol SiO 2
x
1 mol SiC 40.1 g SiC
100 g SiO2 x =
60.1 g SiO 2 1 mol SiO 2 1 mol SiC
66.7 g SiC
38
Example 2:
39
Theoretical and Actual Yield
• In order to determine the theoretical yield, we
use reaction stoichiometry to determine the
amount of product each of our reactants
could make.
• The theoretical yield will always be the least
possible amount of product.
– The theoretical yield will always come from the
limiting reactant.
• Because of both controllable and
uncontrollable factors, the actual yield of
product will always be less than the
theoretical yield.
Chap. 8 terms you should know
1. Limiting reactant - the reactant that limits the amount of product produced in a
chemical reaction. The reactant that makes the least amount of product.
4. Percent yield - The percent of the theoretical yield that was actually obtained.
actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield
THE END
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