Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEA 4 Comparative
LEA 4 Comparative
P’S IN
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
• Policing is the most obvious and apparent aspect of
the Criminal Justice System. Police systems
around the world varies in terms of approach and
practices in achieving police goals due to diversity
of culture.However, similarities are placed on the
purpose of their existence – Law Enforcement,
Maintenance of Peace and Order and Crime
Prevention
What is Comparative Police System?
• It is the process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international
policing.
3. Opportunity theory
As a result of higher standard of living, victims become
more careless of their belongings and opportunities for
committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory
Based on the event of when a greater number of children
are being born, because as this baby grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
Theories in Comparative Policing:
5. Deprivation Theory
It holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations that people at the bottom develops
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t
see themselves rising enough.
6. Modernization theory
It sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
Theories in Comparative Policing:
Centralized
A system of police administration which has one recognized
police force operating at an entire country.
1. Establishment of a City or regional police office that can financially
support its operation to do away on a scenario that the fault of manila
police is the fault of the entire officers of the PNP.
2. Applying the Japanese Koban System and Chuzaiso in the Philippine
Policing.
3. As to the general entry qualification, height entry should not be
considered.
4. Accreditation of Non-PNP members or civilian to law enforcement
provided that specialization is merited.
5. The PNP should be separated and be fully controlled and supervised by
the National Police Commission without interference of local executives.
What is Globalization?
• Refers to the package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas and
authority.
• Is the system of interaction among the countries of the
world in order to develop the global economy.
Globalization involves technological, economic,
political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely
by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.
Threats on Law Enforcement Brought About by
Globalization
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident
by genocide or mass killing.
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security.
3. Conflict between nations.
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking,
money laundering , terrorism, etc.
• Global Policing – indicate those forms of policing that are
fully global in scope.
- INTERPOL
- ASEANAPOL (association of Chiefs of police)
- Europol
- IACP
- UN Policing
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
ADVISERS
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
ADVISERS
CARLOS P. ROMULO
• Premeditated or Planned
• Politically motivated
• Aimed at civilians
2. Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the divine will and use
violence intended to bring about social and cultural changes
ORGANIZATIONS
Al- Qaeda
ATTACK
• Al-Qaeda’s well known attack
• Crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in Pentagon and the
other 1 in Pennsylvania.
Counterterrorism
Strategic Counterterrorism
NORWAY
Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) – Special Commando of the
Defense
OMAN
Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
Special Air Service (SAS)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Delta Force
Seal Team Six
PHILIPPINES
Special Action Force (PNP-SAF)
Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)
UNITED NATION’S COUNTER – TERRORISM
COMMITTEE
The CTC was established by Security Control resolution 1373 (2001),
which was adopted unanimously on Sept. 28, 2001 in the wake of the
11 September terrorist attack in the United States.
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ISLAMIC TERRORIST
GROUP
BANGSA MORO
• “the MORO people” is the generic name for the 13 ethno
linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines which constitute a
quarter of the population in Mindanao in the Southern
Philippines.
• Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the
leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
JEMAAH ISLAMIYA (JI)
The first stage in the washing cycle. The money are placed
into the financial system or retail economy or are smuggled
out of the country.
The aim is to remove the case from the location of
acquisition
Layering
The first attempt at concealment or disguise of the source
of the ownership of the funds by creating complex layers of
financial transactions designed to disguise the audit trail
and provide anonymity.
Moving money in and out of the bank account of bearer
through electronic funds transfer.
Integration
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Elements of Human Trafficking
ACT MEANS PURPOSE
• Recruit Non Violent • Sexual exploitation
• Transport
• Fraud, Deception, abuse 1. Prostitution
• Transfer
• harbor of position of 2. Acts of lasciviousness
• Receive vulnerability, giving or 3. Pornography
• Obtain receiving payments or 4. Sex tourism
• Hire • Labor Exploitation
• Provide
benefits
1. Force labor
• Offer Violent Means
• maintain 2. Debt bandage
• Threat, force, other 3. Involuntary Servitude
• With or w/o consent form of coercion, • Organ Exploitation
• Within or across national abduction 1. Removal or
borders
2. Sale of organ
Elements of Human Trafficking, if victim is Minor
ACT MEANS PURPOSE
• Recruit • Sexual exploitation
• Transport
1. Prostitution
• Transfer
• harbor Means is Irrelevant 2. Acts of lasciviousness
• Receive 3. Pornography
• Obtain 4. Sex tourism
• Hire • Labor Exploitation
• Provide
1. Force labor
• Offer
• maintain 2. Debt bandage
3. Involuntary Servitude
• With or w/o consent • Organ Exploitation
• Within or across national 1. Removal or
borders
2. Sale of organ
Trafficking in Persons vs Human/People Smuggling
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS HUMAN SMUGGLING
Russia
Uzbekistan
Canada Sweden
United States Finland
Norway
Poland
France Germany
Spain Italy
Nigeria
Columbia
New Zealand
Australia
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
AIRPORT
AIRPORT
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
BACKDOOR EXIT
MANILA
PALAWAN
Kudat, Malaysia
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
MANILA
BACKDOOR EXIT
PALAWAN
CAGAYAN DE ORO
TAWI-TAWI
SANDAKAN
KOTA KINABALU
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
BACKDOOR EXIT
SANDAKAN
ZAMBOANGA
BONGAO
TARGETS OF GLOBAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
• Drug Trafficking - Is the illegal cultivation, culture,
delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,
sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
The duties of the police in Japan are stipulated by the Police Law as;
a. Protecting the life, person and property of an individual citizen
b. Preventing, suppressing and investigation of crimes
c. Controlling traffic
d. maintaining public safety and order
In order to carry out these duties, police engage in various activities. The
main subject of the police duties is the control of crimes. In addition, the
police attend to a wide range of administrative duties to maintain public
peace and order.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Organizational Structure
3. Prefectural Police
- Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions
corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency.
- Headquarters are staffed by specialists in basic police functions and
administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the local
office of the National Public Safety Commission.
- Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police
officials, who are assigned to one or more central locations within the
prefecture.
- Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and handle all
but the most ordinary problems in their fields.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Personnel Strength
The personnel of the NPA and the Prefectural Police forces are
composed of police officers, members of the Imperial Guard, and civilian
employees such as clerical workers and technical engineers. All these
personnel work as one body to perform police duties. On the basis of the
present authorized nation-wide police strength, the ratio of police to
population is one police officer to about 555 citizens. The burden is
considerably heavy as compared with that of Western countries.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
The Hong Kong Police Force is the largest disciplined service under
the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second and Asia's first
police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1
May 1844, with strength of 32 officers.
HONGKONG POLICE SYSTEM
In Hong Kong, the major role of the police is to discourage and investigate
crimes, with particular emphases on crime against persons or property and
the maintenance of public order, and if able to apprehend suspected
perpetrators, to detain them, and inform the appropriate authorities. Police
are often used as an emergency service and may provide public safety
function at large gatherings, emergencies, disasters, and search and rescue
situations.
HONGKONG POLICE SYSTEM
Organizational Structure
1. Top Positions
Commissioner of the Police
Deputy Commissioner for Operation
Deputy Commissioner for Management
2. Operation Force
Regions are largely autonomous in their day-to-day operation and management
matters, and each has its own headquarters, which comprises administration and
operation wings, Emergency Units, as well as traffic and criminal investigation units.
Each region is divided into districts and divisions and, in a few cases, sub-divisions.
Currently there are 23 districts.
HONGKONG POLICE SYSTEM
Management Services
Rank Classifications
The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in
British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia,
when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong
government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The highest rank is
Commissioner and the lowest is Constable.
AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM
The role of the AFP is to enforce Commonwealth of Australia criminal law and
to protect Commonwealth and national interests from crime in Australia and
overseas. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative, and the Government's chief source of advice on policing issues.
AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM
Organizational Structure
The AFP falls within the portfolio of the Home Affairs Ministry, a ministerial
position outside of the Cabinet and subordinate to the Attorney-General. Prior to the
creation of this ministerial portfolio with the commencement of Rudd Government in
November 2007, the Minister responsible for the AFP was the Minister for Justice
and Customs. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative, and is the chief advisor on policing issues to the Australian
Government. The AFP maintains an extensive international liaison network; officers
are posted to 33 international posts. The AFP works closely and collaboratively with
all Australian police forces and criminal investigative agencies and Crime
Commissions.
AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM
Personnel Strength
The AFP consists of a workforce of over 6500. The Australian Federal Police
Act 1979 is the legislative base for the employment of all AFP staff. Each
employee is described in the legislation as an AFP Employee, who are then
declared as either a Member (Police Officer, Federal agent) or (Uniform
Protection Officer)-Protective Service Division. In addition, the
Commissioner may appoint any person as a Special Member of the AFP. A
Special Member may be given any powers and duties of an AFP member
under the Act but is not regarded as a special constable.
AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM
Ranking Classification w/ corresponding title
Commissioner- Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner- Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner- Ass. Com, National Manager
Commander- Commander, Manager
Superintendent- Federal Agent, Coordinator
Inspector - Federal Agent, Coordinator
Station Sergeant- Federal Agent, Team Leader
Senior Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Leading Senior Constable- Fed. Agent, Team Member
Senior Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
First Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
Constable - Federal Agent, Team Member
UNITED STATES POLICING
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of
the criminal justice system, along with courts and corrections. Although, there
exist an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the
criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component
operates independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with
the power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two
components.
UNITED STATES POLICING
Powers and Functions
Scholars have identified three primary police agency functions;
1. Order maintenance—this is the broad mandate to keep the peace or
otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others.
2. Law enforcement—those powers are typically used only in cases where
the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and
apprehended
3. Service- this includes rendering first aid, providing tourist information,
guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators. As a result, police services
may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other
agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks.
UNITED STATES POLICING
Organizational Structure
Rank Classifications
Most territorial police forces and special police forces outside
of London, have a standard set of ranks: Constable, Sergeant,
Inspector, Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent,
Assistant Chief Constable, Deputy Chief Constable, and Chief
Constable. Ranks up to Chief Superintendent can be held in either
a uniformed or detective capacity, whereas after that the "Chief
Officer" ranks are concerned with the overall management and
effective running of the force.
UNITED KINGDOM POLICING
1. Administrative policing
The police administrative comprise a variety of actions undertaken under
the direction and supervision of the executive branch, notably the prefect,
police and gendarmerie forces conduct a variety of actions ensuring public
order. They include:
directing road traffic
channelling street demonstrations
positioning riot control forces (CRS or Mobile Gendarmerie)
FRANCE POLICING SYSTEM
2. Judicial policing
Organizational Structure
1. National Agencies
France has three national police forces:
a) Police Nationale, formerly called the Sûreté, a civilian force; it has primary responsibility
for major cities and large urban areas run under the Ministry of the Interior; its strength is
roughly 150,000 agents.
b) Gendarmerie Nationale, a gendarmerie; it has primary responsibility for smaller towns
and rural areas, as well as all military installations; run by the Ministry of Defence but
under operational control, for most purposes, of the Ministry of the Interior); its strength
is roughly 100,000 agents.
c) Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects, a civilian customs service more
commonly known as the Douane, under the Ministry of Budget, Public Accounting and
Civil Servants; its strength is roughly 20,000 agents.
FRANCE POLICING SYSTEM
2. Other agencies
The municipal policemen can notice all the breaches but
cannot investigate. Police Municipale are the local police of
towns and cities in France. The French municipal police are
under the direct authority of the Mayor, Rural communes may
also form a garde champetre which is responsible for limited
local patrol and protecting the environment. In Wallis and
Futuna, there is a territorial guard as well as royal police.
FRANCE POLICING SYSTEM
Rank Classifications
The National Police is divided into three corps, in the terminology of the French
Civil Service, in ascending order of seniority:
1. The Corps de maîtrise et d'application (Authority and Enforcement Corps)
corresponds approximately to the enlisted and non-commissioned ranks in a military
force, or to constables and sergeants in a British-style civil police force.
Brigadier-major
Brigadier-chef
Brigadier
Sous-brigadier, after 12 years of service.
Gardien de la paix (keeper of the peace")
Gardien de la paix stagiaire (keeper of the peace, intern") 1st year after school.
Selected Police Models
FRANCE POLICING SYSTEM
9. Junsa (Policeman).
DIFFERENT POLICE AGENCIES
KAZAKHSTAN
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SOME TERMS TO PONDER:
• Centralized Police – A country with only one
recognized police force which operates entire that
country.