LEA 4 Comparative

V.I.
P’S IN
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
• Policing is the most obvious and apparent aspect of
the Criminal Justice System. Police systems
around the world varies in terms of approach and
practices in achieving police goals due to diversity
of culture.However, similarities are placed on the
purpose of their existence – Law Enforcement,
Maintenance of Peace and Order and Crime
Prevention
What is Comparative Police System?
• It is the process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international
policing.
• It is the science and art of investigating and

comparing the police system of nations. It discovers
the study of Police organizations, trainings and
methods of policing of various nations.
Comparative Criminal Justice
What is Comparative criminal Justice?
 It is the subfield of the study of criminal justice that
compares justice systems worldwide.
3 Basic Functions of Criminal Justice Systems?
 Policing, adjudication, corrections
What is International Criminal Justice Process?
 It involves the study and description of one country’s law,
criminal procedure, or justice process (Erika Fairchild)
Comparative Research
Usually carried out by two methods:
A. Safari Method – the researcher visits another country.
B. Collaborative Method – the researcher communicates

with a foreign researcher.
COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT
Theories in Comparative Policing:
1. Alertness to Crime theory

 As a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime
heightened which promotes crime awareness.
2. Economic or Migration theory

 Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and over population in urban areas.
3. Opportunity theory
 As a result of higher standard of living, victims become
more careless of their belongings and opportunities for
committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory
 Based on the event of when a greater number of children
are being born, because as this baby grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory
 It holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations that people at the bottom develops
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t
see themselves rising enough.
6. Modernization theory
 It sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Theory of Anomie and Synomie

 Suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in
the disintegration of older norms that once held people
together.
1. Uniformed police
2. Detectives
3. Auxiliary Police
4. Special Police
5. Military Police
6. Religious Police
7. Border Police
8. Transport Port
Decentralized
Decentralized police refers to a system where police
administration and operations are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
Centralized
A system of police administration which has one recognized
police force operating at an entire country.
1. Establishment of a City or regional police office that can financially
support its operation to do away on a scenario that the fault of manila
police is the fault of the entire officers of the PNP.
2. Applying the Japanese Koban System and Chuzaiso in the Philippine
Policing.
3. As to the general entry qualification, height entry should not be
considered.
4. Accreditation of Non-PNP members or civilian to law enforcement
provided that specialization is merited.
5. The PNP should be separated and be fully controlled and supervised by
the National Police Commission without interference of local executives.
What is Globalization?
• Refers to the package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas and
authority.
• Is the system of interaction among the countries of the
world in order to develop the global economy.
Globalization involves technological, economic,
political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely
by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.
Threats on Law Enforcement Brought About by
Globalization
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident
by genocide or mass killing.
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security.
3. Conflict between nations.
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking,
money laundering , terrorism, etc.
• Global Policing – indicate those forms of policing that are
fully global in scope.
• International Policing – indicate those types of policing

that are formally directed by institutions usually
responsible for international affairs.
• Transnational Policing – pertains to all forms of policing

that transgress national borders.
• Transnational Crime – refers to crime that takes place across
national borders.
• Terrorism – the unlawful use of force or violence against
persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against
non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine
agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (US Dept. of
State)
• Drug Trafficking – is the illegal production and
distribution of controlled substances.
• Money Laundering – is the method by which criminals

disguise the illegal origins of their wealth and protect
their assets bases, so as to avoid the suspicion of law
enforcement agencies and prevent leaving a trail of
incriminating evidence.
• Cybercrime – refers to all the activities done with
criminal intent in cyberspace.
• INTERPOL – International Criminal Police

Organization is an organization facilitating
international police cooperation.
Opportunities for Law Enforcement
1. Creation of international tribunals to deal with human
rights problems.
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote
universal norms and link them to the enforcement
power of states.
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation
against transnational crimes.
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions
across transnational issues.
Different Global Police Organizations
The different international police organizations in created
to combat International crimes are:
- INTERPOL
- ASEANAPOL (association of Chiefs of police)
- Europol
- IACP
- UN Policing
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
Famously known as INTERPOL, is an organization

facilitating international police cooperation. Founded in
Austria in 1923 as International Criminal Police
Commission. In 1956, it’s name became International
Criminal Police Organization. It is the second biggest
international organization next to UN. It has now consists
of 190 member countries (as of 2015) with it’s present
headquarters in Lyon, France.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
• Mireille Ballestrazzi – Interpol's current President

(replaced Khoo Boon Hui)
• Jurgen Stock - Current Secretary-General

(replaced Ronald Noble)
INTERPOL’s STRUCTURE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
INTERPOL NATIONAL CENTRAL

GENERAL SECRETARIAT BUREAU’s
ADVISERS
COMMISSION FOR THE

CONTROL OF
INTERPOL’S FILES
• GENERAL ASSEMBLY:
• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually

and comprises delegates appointed by each member
country. The assembly takes all important decisions
related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programs.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
This 13-member committee is elected by the General

Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-
presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.
GENERAL SECRETARIAT
 Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates

24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries
work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in
Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,
Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives
at the United Nations in New York and at the European
Union in Brussels.
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
• Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National

Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement
officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the
General Secretariat, regional offices and other member
countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of
fugitives.
ADVISERS
• These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who

may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’S FILES
(CCF)
• This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:

(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by
INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2)
to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules
or other matter involving the processing of personal
information and (3) to process requests concerning the
information contained in INTERPOL's files.
INTERPOL’s CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communication Services
INTERPOL’s global police communications system,

known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

Services
Member countries have direct and immediate access to

a wide range of databases including information on
known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen
or lost travel documents. INTERPOL also disseminates
critical crime-related data through a system of
international notices.
3. Operational Police Support Services
INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field

with emergency support and operational activities,
especially in its priority crime areas. A Command and
Co-ordination Center operates 24 hours a day, seven
days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team
to the scene of a serious crime or disaster.
4. Police Training and Development
INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives

with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member
countries to effectively combat transnational crime and
terrorism. This includes sharing knowledge, skills and
best practices in policing and establishing global
standards.
INTERPOL NOTICES
1. Red Notice – International wanted persons notice.
2. Blue Notice – Use to seek information on the identity of
persons or on their illegal activities related to criminal matters.
3. Green Notice – Use to provide warnings and criminal
intelligence about persons who have committed criminal
offenses and who are likely to repeat these crimes in other
countries.
4. Yellow Notice – Use to help locate missing persons including
children, or to help people to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice – Use to identify the identity of deceased person.
JOLLY R. BUGARIN
The only Filipino former president of INTERPOL from

1980-1984.
UN (United Nations)
 It is an international organization composed of various
member nations.
 It has promulgated laws which are applicable to the
member nation. The UN can intervene whenever there
is violation to the international law.
 the organization was established on 24 October 1945
after World War II in order to prevent another such
conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states;
there are now 193.
UN (United Nations)
PALERMO PROTOCOLS: Are three protocols that were

adopted by the UN to supplement the 2000 convention
against Transnational Organized Crime
1. The protocol against smuggling of migrants
2. The protocol against trafficking in person
3. The protocol against the illicit manufacturing and
trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and
ammunition.
UN (United Nations)
CARLOS P. ROMULO
• – Former Filipino president of the United Nations in

1949.
ASEANAPOL
ASEAN ASOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE

• The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police
was held in Manila, Philippines on the 21 to 23 October
1981.The current members of ASEANAPOL are Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People Democratic Republic,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
and Vietnam.
EUROPOL
• EUROPOL
- Means EUROPEAN POLICE OFFICE
- Europol is the European Union’s criminal intelligence

agency; it became fully operational on July 1, 1999.
EUROPOL’S MANDATE
Europol supports law enforcement activities of the
member states mainly against:
1. Illicit drug trafficking
2. Illicit immigration networks;
3. Terrorism
4. Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the Euro) and other
means of payment
5. Illicit vehicle trafficking
6. Money laundering
IACP
What is IACP?
It stands for International Association of Chiefs of

Police. The IACP is the world’s oldest and largest
nonprofit membership organization of police executives,
with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries.
IACP‘s leadership consists of the operating chief
executives of international, federal, state and local
agencies of all sizes.
TARGETS OF GLOBAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
Transnational Crime – Refers to crime that takes place

across national borders.
Terrorism – The unlawful use of force or violence against

persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)
The term terrorism comes from French terrorisme, from
Latin: “terror”, “great fear”, “dread”, related to the Latin
verb “terrere”, “to frighten”.
The use of the word first appeared in January 1795 in

The Times.
Characteristics of terrorism
• Premeditated or Planned
• Politically motivated
• Aimed at civilians
• Carried out by sub-national groups

Typology of terrorism
1. Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state of their own and

frequently depict their activities as a fight for liberation.
2. Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the divine will and use
violence intended to bring about social and cultural changes
3. State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by radical states as foreign

policy tools
4. Left-wing Terrorism – seek to destroy economies based on
free enterprise and to replace them with socialist or
communist economic systems.
5. Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist ideals and work

toward the dissolution of democratic governments.
6. Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who seek to

overthrow all established forms of government.
7. Domestic Terrorism – refers to the unlawful use of force or violence
by a group or an individual who is based and operates within a state.
8. International Terrorism – is the unlawful use of force or violence by
a group or an individual who has connection to a foreign power or
whose activities transcend national boundaries against person or
property to intimidate or coerce a government.
9. Cyber-terrorism – is a form of terrorism that makes use of high
technology – especially computers, the Internet and the World Wide
Web – in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks.
TERRORIST
ORGANIZATIONS
Al- Qaeda
• Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.
• An Islamic jihadist movement to replace Western-controlled or

dominated Muslim countries with Islamic fundamentalist
regimes.
Osama Bin- Laden
• Born in March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• The only son of his father’s tenth wife.
• At the age of 17, Osama married his first wife.
• Osama married four women and fathered roughly 25 or 26

children.
THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
ATTACK
• Al-Qaeda’s well known attack
• 19 men hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners
• Crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in Pentagon and the
other 1 in Pennsylvania.
• 2, 973 died and the 19 hijackers.

COUNTERTERRORISM
• Refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that
governments, militaries and other groups adopt in order to
fight terrorism.
• Operations that include the offensive measures taken to
prevent, deter, preempt and respond to terrorism. NATO
and US Military definition
Types of
Counterterrorism
Strategic Counterterrorism
• Deny resources, such as finances or base areas, to the

terrorists. It will capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders.
Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism
• Creation of elite units or forces, whose role is to directly
engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks.
• They perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and
responding to on-going attacks.
Counter-Terrorist Groups
AUSTRALIA
• Tactical Assault Group (TAG)
• Special Air Service Regiment (SASR)
GERMANY
Grenzschutzgruppe-9 (GSG-9)
ISRAEL
Sayeret Mat’kal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269
NETHERLANDS
 Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid – BBE
NORWAY
 Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) – Special Commando of the
Defense
OMAN
 Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
Special Air Service (SAS)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Delta Force
Seal Team Six
PHILIPPINES
Special Action Force (PNP-SAF)
Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)
UNITED NATION’S COUNTER – TERRORISM
COMMITTEE
 The CTC was established by Security Control resolution 1373 (2001),
which was adopted unanimously on Sept. 28, 2001 in the wake of the
11 September terrorist attack in the United States.
 The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council Members

United states of america’s national counterterrorism center
(nctc)
• Established by Presidential Executive Order 13354 in
August 2004 and codified by the Intelligence Reform and
Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.
Philippine center on transnational crime (pctc)
Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order No. 62
under the Office of the President to formulate and
implement a concerted of action of all law enforcement,
intelligence and other government agencies for the
prevention and control of transnational crime.
REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9372
“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”

• Signed into law by Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and
effective on July 2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines, including Abu
Sayyaf Group, which has links to Al-Qaeda and has been
blamed for bombings and kidnappings in the region.
TERRRORISM
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ISLAMIC TERRORIST
GROUP
BANGSA MORO
• “the MORO people” is the generic name for the 13 ethno
linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines which constitute a
quarter of the population in Mindanao in the Southern
Philippines.
• Three Major Groups:

 Maguindanaons
 Maranaos
 Tausogs
ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG)
• Aliases: Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyah

Bearer of the Sword
Father of the Swordsman
Founding Philosophy:
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the
peace process between the Philippine government and the
nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF)
 ASG was lead by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was recruited for

training in Afghanistan.
RAJAH SOLAIMAN MOVEMENT
• Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”
• Founded by Hilarion del Rosario Santos III, a.k.a. Hannah Santos,

Ahmed Santos, Hilarion del Rosario.
• Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the
leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
JEMAAH ISLAMIYA (JI)
• Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic Group
• The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in Southeast

Asia.
• Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for

acquiring explosives, guns and other equipment.
COMMUNIST INFLUENCE
NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY (NPA)
• Formed in 1969 with support from China.
• Created as the armed wing of the Communist Party of

the Philippines.
Drug Trafficking – Is the illegal production and
distribution of controlled substances.
Money Laundering – Is the method by which criminals

disguise the illegal origins of their wealth and protect
their assets bases, so as to avoid the suspicion of law
enforcement agencies and prevent leaving a trail of
incriminating evidence.
BRIEF HISTORY
• The term “money laundering” originated from Mafia

ownership of Laundromats in the United States.
• The first use of the term “money laundering” was
during the Watergate Scandal 1973 in United States.
Stages of Money Laundering
Placement
The first stage in the washing cycle. The money are placed
into the financial system or retail economy or are smuggled
out of the country.
The aim is to remove the case from the location of
acquisition
Layering
The first attempt at concealment or disguise of the source
of the ownership of the funds by creating complex layers of
financial transactions designed to disguise the audit trail
and provide anonymity.
Moving money in and out of the bank account of bearer
through electronic funds transfer.
Integration
The final stage in the process

The money is integrated into the legitimate economic and
financial system and assimilated in all other assets in the
system.
REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9160, as amended by
REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9194
“ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF 2001”

MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful

activity as herein defined are transacted, thereby
making them appear to have originated from legitimate
sources.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Elements of Human Trafficking
ACT MEANS PURPOSE
• Recruit Non Violent • Sexual exploitation
• Transport
• Fraud, Deception, abuse 1. Prostitution
• Transfer
• harbor of position of 2. Acts of lasciviousness
• Receive vulnerability, giving or 3. Pornography
• Obtain receiving payments or 4. Sex tourism
• Hire • Labor Exploitation
• Provide
benefits
1. Force labor
• Offer Violent Means
• maintain 2. Debt bandage
• Threat, force, other 3. Involuntary Servitude
• With or w/o consent form of coercion, • Organ Exploitation
• Within or across national abduction 1. Removal or
borders
2. Sale of organ
Elements of Human Trafficking, if victim is Minor
ACT MEANS PURPOSE
• Recruit • Sexual exploitation
• Transport
1. Prostitution
• Transfer
• harbor Means is Irrelevant 2. Acts of lasciviousness
• Receive 3. Pornography
• Obtain 4. Sex tourism
• Hire • Labor Exploitation
• Provide
1. Force labor
• Offer
• maintain 2. Debt bandage
3. Involuntary Servitude
• With or w/o consent • Organ Exploitation
• Within or across national 1. Removal or
borders
2. Sale of organ
Trafficking in Persons vs Human/People Smuggling
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS HUMAN SMUGGLING
Usually involves coercion Usually does not involve

coercion
Characterized by subsequent Characterized by facilitating, for
exploitation after the illegal entry a fee, the illegal entry of a
of a person into a foreign person into a foreign country
country
Considered a human rights Considered a migration concern

issue
86
Percentage Human trafficking in the world
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL
• Financial intelligence unit in the Philippines that

conducts investigations on suspicious transactions.
Human trafficking in the world
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Turkmenistan
Libya Arab Jamahiriya Saudi Arabia Burma
Cuba Mauritania Yemen

Papua New Guinea
Sudan
Venezuela Algeria
Madagascar
African
Zimbabwe
Congo
Russia
Uzbekistan
Tunisia Syria Iraq Afghanistan China

Dominican Niger
Viet Nam
Panama Mali Bangladesh
Thailand
Guinea Tanzania
Malaysia
Ecuador Chad Angola
Cameroon Congo
1. Mexico 7. South Africa 13. Ethiopia 19. Ukraine 25. Nepal

2. Brazil 8. Mozambique 14. Kenya 20. Romania 26. Cambodia
3. Argentina 9. Malawi 15. Uganda 21. Greece 27. Indonesia
4. Chile 10. Zambia 16. Emirates 22. Kazakhstan 28. Philippines
5. Peru 11. Egypt 17. Oman 23. Pakistan 29. Japan
6. Namibia 12. Morocco 18. Turkey 24. India 30. Mongolia
Canada Sweden
United States Finland
Norway
Poland
France Germany
Spain Italy
Nigeria
Columbia
New Zealand
Australia
ROUTES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
AIRPORT
AIRPORT
BACKDOOR EXIT
MANILA
PALAWAN
Kudat, Malaysia
MANILA
BACKDOOR EXIT
PALAWAN
CAGAYAN DE ORO
TAWI-TAWI
SANDAKAN
KOTA KINABALU
BACKDOOR EXIT
SANDAKAN
ZAMBOANGA
BONGAO
• Drug Trafficking - Is the illegal cultivation, culture,
delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,
sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
• Cybercrime – refers to all the activities done with

criminal intent in cyberspace.
Societal Types of Police System:
1. Folk-Communal Society – has little codification of

laws, no specialization among police, and a system of
punishment that just let things go for a while without
attention until things become too much, and then harsh,
barbaric punishment is resorted to.
2. Urban-Commercial Society – has civil law (some

standards and customs are written down), specialized
police forces (some for religious offices, others for
enforcing the king’s laws), and punishment is
inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient
3. Urban-Industrial Society – not only has codified laws

(statutes that prohibit), but laws that prescribe good
behavior, police become specialized on how to handle
property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on
market principles of creating insensitive and
disincensitives.
4. Bureaucratic Society – has a system of laws (along

armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling
political crimes and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and
overcrowding.
FOUR DIFFERENT KINDS OF SOCIETIES
1. Folk-communal,
2. Urban-commercial,
3. Urban-industrial, and
4. bureaucratic.
1. Folk-communal societies are often seen as primitive and barbaric,
they have little specialization among law enforcers, and let many
problems go unpunished to avoid over-criminalization however,
once tempers “boil over” and the situation becomes a larger issue,
harsh and unusual punishment may be administered. Examples are
African or Middle Eastern Tribes, or early puritan settlements of
America.
2. Urban-commercial societies have few written laws and some
specialized enforcement for religious or king’s law enforcement.
Punishments are inconsistent and usually harsh.
3. Urban-industrial societies enforce laws that prescribe good
behavior and give incentives and disincentives for behavior and
police are specialized in property crimes such as theft.
4. bureaucratic societies are today’s modern society. They feature
fully developed laws, lawyers, and police forces trained for
multiple types of crime. Different “side effects” of these societies
include over-criminalization, overcrowding, and even juvenile
delinquency due to the extended age of adolescence these societies
bring on.
Types of Police Systems:
1. Common Law Systems – are also known as Anglo-
American Justice, and exist in most English speaking
countries of the world, such as the US, England,
Australia and New Zealand. Distinguished by strong
adversarial system which rely primarily upon oral system
of evidence in which the public is a main focal point.
2. Civil Law Systems – are also known as Continental

justice or Romano-Germanic justice and practiced
throughout most of the European union such as Sweden,
Germany, France and Japan. Distinguished by a strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the
accused.
3. Socialist System – is also known as Marxist-Leninist

justice, and exist in many places such as Africa and Asia
where there had been communist revolution.
Distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or
retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the
state.
4. Islamic System – are also known as Muslim or Arabic

justice, and derive all their procedures and practices from
the interpretation of the Koran. Legal rule and religious
rule go together.
• Common law is found particularly in countries that are current or
former members of the British Empire.
• Civil law countries include most of continental Europe and various
states in South America and Africa.
• Socialist law is essentially civil law with major modifications
from Marxist-Leninist ideology. It is currently only used in China
and a few other contemporary Communist states, but has had
enormous influence on Russia and the former USSR.
• Islamic law is religiously-inspired law used in Muslim countries
Court System of the World
1. Adversarial – The accused is innocent until proven
guilty.
2. Inquisitorial – The accused is guilty until proven
innocent.
3. Mixed System – a combination of the two
Model System - Used to describe the countries being
used as topics of discussion. These countries are chosen
not because they are greater than others but because of
their crime control efficiency and effectiveness based on
the absence of crime or low crime rate.
MODEL POLICE SYSTEMS
1. SWITZERLAND POLICE - They are commended on
their remarkable job of managing their underclass
populations, the poor who lives in ghettos and slums.
Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron
fist, velvet glove” approach towards those who commit
crime and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss
society.
• 2. JAPAN POLICE - Low crimes in Japan have credited

from their characteristics when it comes to community
policing, a patriarchal family system, the importance of
higher education, and the way business surrogate
families.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
In Japan, police system generally enjoys wide community support

and respect. The system is so called Keisatsu Seido.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Powers and Functions
The duties of the police in Japan are stipulated by the Police Law as;
a. Protecting the life, person and property of an individual citizen
b. Preventing, suppressing and investigation of crimes
c. Controlling traffic
d. maintaining public safety and order
In order to carry out these duties, police engage in various activities. The
main subject of the police duties is the control of crimes. In addition, the
police attend to a wide range of administrative duties to maintain public
peace and order.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Organizational Structure
1. National Public Safety Commission

The mission of the National Public Safety Commission is to
guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political
pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police
administration.
The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police
Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of
state, and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of
both houses of the Diet.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
2. National Police Agency

- As the central coordinating body for the entire police system
- The National Police Agency determines general standards and policies;
detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons.
- In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to
take command of prefectural police forces.
- The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the
National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime
minister.
- The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general
operations, planning, information, finance, management, and procurement
and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
3. Prefectural Police
- Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions
corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency.
- Headquarters are staffed by specialists in basic police functions and
administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the local
office of the National Public Safety Commission.
- Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police
officials, who are assigned to one or more central locations within the
prefecture.
- Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and handle all
but the most ordinary problems in their fields.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Personnel Strength
The personnel of the NPA and the Prefectural Police forces are
composed of police officers, members of the Imperial Guard, and civilian
employees such as clerical workers and technical engineers. All these
personnel work as one body to perform police duties. On the basis of the
present authorized nation-wide police strength, the ratio of police to
population is one police officer to about 555 citizens. The burden is
considerably heavy as compared with that of Western countries.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the

Japanese police. His title is not a rank, but rather denotes his position as
head of the NPA. On the other hand, the Superintendent General (Keishi-
Sokan) represents not only the highest rank in the system but also
assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department . The
most basic rank is Police Officer (Junsa)
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Well-Known Koban
- These are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas
and in residential districts.
- They form the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system
is composed of about 6500 police boxes (Koban) and about 7600
residential police boxes (Chuzaisho).
- Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers
in usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer.
- About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by
officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols
and usually have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but
not on watch.
• 3. IRELAND POLICE - Despite of serious
unemployment problem, widespread of poverty, and
crisis with religious terrorism, there is low crime rate.
• There is a sense of hope and confidence among the
people that local authorities are well- skilled and doing
everything they can. Secondly, the people felt like they
had a high degree of popular participation in crime
control.
4. EGYPT POLICE - Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place

with little or no crime. The inhabitants practice a
moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting shariah
punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition).
The typical punishment for wrongdoings is social
ostracization (shunning).
HONGKONG POLICE SYSTEM
The Hong Kong Police Force is the largest disciplined service under
the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second and Asia's first
police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1
May 1844, with strength of 32 officers.
In Hong Kong, the major role of the police is to discourage and investigate
crimes, with particular emphases on crime against persons or property and
the maintenance of public order, and if able to apprehend suspected
perpetrators, to detain them, and inform the appropriate authorities. Police
are often used as an emergency service and may provide public safety
function at large gatherings, emergencies, disasters, and search and rescue
situations.
1. Top Positions
 Commissioner of the Police
 Deputy Commissioner for Operation
 Deputy Commissioner for Management
2. Operation Force
Regions are largely autonomous in their day-to-day operation and management
matters, and each has its own headquarters, which comprises administration and
operation wings, Emergency Units, as well as traffic and criminal investigation units.
Each region is divided into districts and divisions and, in a few cases, sub-divisions.
Currently there are 23 districts.
3. Management/ Force Headquarters

 Operations & Support
 Crime & Security.
 Personnel & Training
 Management Services
 Finance, Administration and Planning

Rank Classifications
The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in
British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia,
when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong
government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The highest rank is
Commissioner and the lowest is Constable.
AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the federal police agency of

the Commonwealth of Australia. Although the AFP was created by the
amalgamation in 1979 of three Commonwealth law enforcement
agencies, it traces its history from Commonwealth law enforcement
agencies dating back to the federation of Australia's six precursor British
self-governing colonies in 1901.
The role of the AFP is to enforce Commonwealth of Australia criminal law and
to protect Commonwealth and national interests from crime in Australia and
overseas. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative, and the Government's chief source of advice on policing issues.
The AFP falls within the portfolio of the Home Affairs Ministry, a ministerial
position outside of the Cabinet and subordinate to the Attorney-General. Prior to the
creation of this ministerial portfolio with the commencement of Rudd Government in
November 2007, the Minister responsible for the AFP was the Minister for Justice
and Customs. The AFP is Australia's international law enforcement and policing
representative, and is the chief advisor on policing issues to the Australian
Government. The AFP maintains an extensive international liaison network; officers
are posted to 33 international posts. The AFP works closely and collaboratively with
all Australian police forces and criminal investigative agencies and Crime
Commissions.
Personnel Strength
The AFP consists of a workforce of over 6500. The Australian Federal Police
Act 1979 is the legislative base for the employment of all AFP staff. Each
employee is described in the legislation as an AFP Employee, who are then
declared as either a Member (Police Officer, Federal agent) or (Uniform
Protection Officer)-Protective Service Division. In addition, the
Commissioner may appoint any person as a Special Member of the AFP. A
Special Member may be given any powers and duties of an AFP member
under the Act but is not regarded as a special constable.
Ranking Classification w/ corresponding title
Commissioner- Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner- Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner- Ass. Com, National Manager
Commander- Commander, Manager
Superintendent- Federal Agent, Coordinator
Inspector - Federal Agent, Coordinator
Station Sergeant- Federal Agent, Team Leader
Senior Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Leading Senior Constable- Fed. Agent, Team Member
Senior Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
First Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
Constable - Federal Agent, Team Member
UNITED STATES POLICING
Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of
the criminal justice system, along with courts and corrections. Although, there
exist an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the
criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component
operates independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with
the power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two
components.
Scholars have identified three primary police agency functions;
1. Order maintenance—this is the broad mandate to keep the peace or
otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others.
2. Law enforcement—those powers are typically used only in cases where
the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and
apprehended
3. Service- this includes rendering first aid, providing tourist information,
guiding the disoriented, or acting as educators. As a result, police services
may include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other
agencies, finding lost pets or property, or checking locks.
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous

types of agency at many different levels. Every state has
their own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers,
responsibilities and funding varies from state to state.
1. Federal
- Possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.).
Federal Law Enforcement Officers are authorized to enforce various laws at the
federal level.
- The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at
the federal level including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of
Prisons (BOP) and others.
- The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous
federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States
Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
2. State
Most all states operate statewide government agencies that provide law
enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be
called State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are normally part of
the state Department of Public Safety.
3. County
Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided
by Sheriffs‘ Departments or Offices and County police.
a) County police- tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide
jurisdiction.
b) Sheriffs' offices
4. Municipal
Municipal police range from one-officer agencies

(sometimes still called the town marshal). Most municipal
agencies take the form (Municipality Name) Police
Department. Many individual cities and towns will have their
own police department, with larger communities typically
having larger departments with greater budgets, resources,
and responsibilities. i.e. New York Police Department
Personnel Strength
An examination of the 2004 law enforcement employee data by
population group showed that in the nation’s cities collectively there
were 3 law enforcement employees per 1,000 inhabitants. Of the
population groups with the city label, cities with 10,000 or less in
population had the highest rate of law enforcement employees, 4.2
police personnel per 1,000 inhabitants.
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military

in structure. Although the large and varied number of federal, state,
and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks,
a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
1. Chief of police/police commissioner/superintendent/sheriff
2. Assistant Chief/Assistant Commissioner/Assistant
Superintendent/Assistant Sheriff
3. Deputy Chief/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Chief
Deputy/undersheriff
4. Inspector/commander
5. Colonel
6. Major/deputy inspector
7. Captain: Two gold or silver bars
8. Lieutenant: A single gold or silver bar
9. Sergeant: Three inverted chevrons
10.Detective/Inspector/Investigator
11.Officer/Deputy/Corporal
UNITED KINGDOM POLICING
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organized separately in

each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom, i.e., England & Wales,
Northern Ireland and Scotland, administration of police matters is not
generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006. In the United
Kingdom, every person has limited powers of arrest if they see an indictable
crime being committed – these are called "every person powers", commonly
referred to as a "citizen's arrest".
There are four general types of agency, mostly concerned with policing the
general public and the rest concerned with localized policing:
1. territorial police forces- who carry out the majority of policing
2. special police forces- which are national police forces that have a specific,
and non-regional jurisdiction
3. Non-police law enforcement agencies- whose officers are not police
constables, but still enforce laws
4. Miscellaneous police forces- mostly having their foundations in older
legislation or Common Law.
Personnel Strength
There were 143,734 full-time equivalent (FTE) police officers in the
43 police forces of England and Wales as at 31 March 2010. This is
a decrease of 35 officers compared to a year earlier. There were
6,642 Full Time Equivalents (FTE) minority ethnic officers in the 43
forces of England and Wales, 4.6 per cent of the total police
strength, compared with 4.4 per cent on 31 March 2009; the FTE
police officer strength figure for the 43 forces of England and Wales
as of 31 March 2010.
Most territorial police forces and special police forces outside
of London, have a standard set of ranks: Constable, Sergeant,
Inspector, Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent,
Assistant Chief Constable, Deputy Chief Constable, and Chief
Constable. Ranks up to Chief Superintendent can be held in either
a uniformed or detective capacity, whereas after that the "Chief
Officer" ranks are concerned with the overall management and
effective running of the force.
Throughout the United Kingdom, the rank structure of

police forces is identical up to the rank of Chief Superintendent.
At higher ranks, structures are distinct within London where the
Metropolitan Police Service and the City of London Police have a
series of Commander and Commissioner ranks as their top ranks
whereas other UK police forces have assistants, deputies and a
Chief Constable as their top ranks.
Most territorial police forces and special police forces
outside of London, have a standard set of ranks:
Constable, Sergeant, Inspector, Chief Inspector,
Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, Assistant Chief
Constable, Deputy Chief Constable, and Chief Constable.
Ranks up to Chief Superintendent can be held in either a
uniformed or detective capacity, whereas after that the
"Chief Officer" ranks are concerned with the overall
management and effective running of the force.
FRANCE POLICING SYSTEM
Law enforcement in France is conducted at the national

and municipal level, and is the responsibility of a variety of law
enforcement agencies. Three agencies operate at the national
level, and at the local level each commune is able to maintain
their own municipal police. Paris does not have its own police
municipale and that the Police Nationale provides these services
directly as a subdivision of France's Ministry of the Interior. Only
certain, designated police officers have the power to conduct
criminal investigations, and such investigations are supervised
by investigative magistrates.
Brief Historical Background
In France , the National Police (French: Police nationale),
formerly the Sûreté nationale, is one of two national police
forces and the main civil law enforcement agency of France,
with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. The other
main agency is the military Gendarmerie, with primary
jurisdiction in smaller towns and rural and border areas. The
National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
the Interior and has about 145,699 employees (in April 2008).
1. Administrative policing
The police administrative comprise a variety of actions undertaken under
the direction and supervision of the executive branch, notably the prefect,
police and gendarmerie forces conduct a variety of actions ensuring public
order. They include:
 directing road traffic
 channelling street demonstrations
 positioning riot control forces (CRS or Mobile Gendarmerie)
2. Judicial policing
The police judiciaire comprises a variety of actions undertaken

under the direction and supervision of the judiciary. They include:
• pursuing and arresting suspects
• interrogating suspects in some phases of judicial enquiries
• gathering evidence
• serving search warrants
These actions must follow the rules given in the

Code of Penal Procedure (Code de procédure pénale),
articles 12 to 29. In order to better fulfill these missions,
the Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire of the
French National Police regroups all the units specialized
in criminal enquiries. The Gendarmerie counterpart is
the sections de recherche (research sections).
1. National Agencies
France has three national police forces:
a) Police Nationale, formerly called the Sûreté, a civilian force; it has primary responsibility
for major cities and large urban areas run under the Ministry of the Interior; its strength is
roughly 150,000 agents.
b) Gendarmerie Nationale, a gendarmerie; it has primary responsibility for smaller towns
and rural areas, as well as all military installations; run by the Ministry of Defence but
under operational control, for most purposes, of the Ministry of the Interior); its strength
is roughly 100,000 agents.
c) Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects, a civilian customs service more
commonly known as the Douane, under the Ministry of Budget, Public Accounting and
Civil Servants; its strength is roughly 20,000 agents.
Those three agencies are the only ones legally

capable of making full arrests or serving search warrants.
A similar diffusion exists, or has existed, in several other
countries following the French system.
2. Other agencies
The municipal policemen can notice all the breaches but
cannot investigate. Police Municipale are the local police of
towns and cities in France. The French municipal police are
under the direct authority of the Mayor, Rural communes may
also form a garde champetre which is responsible for limited
local patrol and protecting the environment. In Wallis and
Futuna, there is a territorial guard as well as royal police.
The National Police is divided into three corps, in the terminology of the French
Civil Service, in ascending order of seniority:
1. The Corps de maîtrise et d'application (Authority and Enforcement Corps)
corresponds approximately to the enlisted and non-commissioned ranks in a military
force, or to constables and sergeants in a British-style civil police force.
 Brigadier-major
 Brigadier-chef
 Brigadier
 Sous-brigadier, after 12 years of service.
 Gardien de la paix (keeper of the peace")
 Gardien de la paix stagiaire (keeper of the peace, intern") 1st year after school.
Selected Police Models
2 The Corps de commandement et d'encadrement (Command and

Management Corps) corresponds approximately to the lower commissioned
ranks of a military force, or to grades of inspector in a British-style civil police
force. These ranks were previously known as inspecteurs if detectives or
officiers de la paix if uniformed, although CRS officers always used the current
ranks.
 Commandant (formerly Commandant or Inspecteur divisionnaire)
 Capitaine (formerly Officer de la paix principal or Inspecteur principal)
 Lieutenant (formerly Officier de la paix or Inspecteur)
 Lieutenant intern
Lieutenant student
3. The Corps de conception et de direction (Conception and Direction

Corps) corresponds approximately to the higher commissioned ranks of
a military force, or to grades of superintendent and chief officers in a
British-style civil police force.
 Directeur des services actifs (Director of the Active Services)
 Inspecteur général (Inspector General)
 Contrôleur général (Controller General)
 Commissaire divisionnaire (Divisional Commissary)
 Commissaire principal (Principal Commissary)
 Abolished 2006
 Commissaire de police (Police Commissary)
DIFFERENT POLICE AGENCIES
• AFGHANISTAN
• Name of Police Agency: Afghanistan National Police
• Under what Department: Ministry of the Interior
• Highest Ranking Officer: Police General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: 2nd Patrolman

• ARMENIA
• Name of Police Agency: Police of the Republic of

Armenia
• Under what Department: Ministry of Defense
• Highest Ranking Officer: Police Colonel General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Junior Sergeant

• BANGLADESH
• Name of Police Agency: Bangladesh Police
• Under what Department: Ministry of Home Affairs
• Highest Ranking Officer: Inspector General of Police
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Constable

• MYANMAR
• Name of Police Agency: Myanmar Police Force
• Highest Ranking Officer: Police Major General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Private

• CAMBODIA
• Name of Police Agency: Cambodian Police Force
• Under what Department: Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Highest Ranking Officer: Brigadier General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Office Cadet

PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
• Name of Police Agency: Peoples Armed Police Force
• Under what Department: Ministry of Public Security
• Highest Ranking Officer: Commissioner General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Constable 2nd Class

GEORGIA
• Name of Police Agency: Georgian National Police
• Under what Department: Department of Public Safety
• Highest Ranking Officer: Commissioner of Police

• HONG KONG
• Name of Police Agency: Hong Kong Police Force
• Under what Department: Operations and Support

INDONESIA
• Name of Police Agency: Indonesian National Police
• Lowest Ranking Officer: 2nd Bhayangkar

• IRAQ
• Name of Police Agency: Iraqi Police Service
• Under what Department: Ministry of Interior
• Highest Ranking Officer: Chief of Police
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Patrolman

JAPAN
• Name of Police Agency: National Police Agency
• Under what Department: National Public Safety

Commission
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Police Officer

NINE POLICE RANKS in JAPAN
1. Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department),
2. Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor),
3. Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent),
4. Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent),

NINE POLICE RANKS in JAPAN
5. Keishi (Superintendent),
6. Keibu (Police Inspector),
7. Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector),
8. Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant)
9. Junsa (Policeman).
KAZAKHSTAN
• Name of Police Agency: National Police of Kazakhstan
• Under what Department: National Security Committee of

Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Highest Ranking Officer: Procurator General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Ryadovoy

NORTH KOREA
• Highest Ranking Officer: Daewon (Grand Marshall)
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Chonsa (Private)

SOUTH KOREA
• Name of Police Agency: Korea National Police Agency
• Under what Department: Ministry of Government

Administration and Home Affairs

KUWAIT
• Name of Police Agency: Kuwait National Police
• Under what Department: Ministry Internal Affairs
• Highest Ranking Officer: Lieutenant General

LAOS
• Name of Police Agency: Laos National Police
• Highest Ranking Officer: General

LEBANON
• Name of Police Agency: International Security Forces
• Highest Ranking Officer: Director General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Gendarme

MACAU
• Name of Police Agency: Macau National Police Force
• Highest Ranking Officer: Superintendent
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Guard

MALAYSIA
• Name of Police Agency: Royal Malaysian Police
• Highest Ranking Officer: Inspector General

NEPAL
• Name of Police Agency: Nepal Police Force

Ranking Classification w/ corresponding title
Commissioner- Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner- Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner- Ass. Com, National Manager
Commander- Commander, Manager
Superintendent- Federal Agent, Coordinator
Inspector - Federal Agent, Coordinator
Station Sergeant- Federal Agent, Team Leader
Senior Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Sergeant - Federal Agent, Team Leader
Leading Senior Constable- Fed. Agent, Team Member
Senior Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
First Constable- Federal Agent, Team Member
Constable - Federal Agent, Team Member
OMAN
• Name of Police Agency: Royal Oman Police
• Highest Ranking Officer: Lieutenant General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Conscript

PAKISTAN
• Name of Police Agency: Pakistan Police Force

PHILIPPINES
• Name of Police Agency: Philippine National Police
• Under what Department: Department of Interior and Local

Government
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Patrolman/Patrolwoman

SINGAPORE
• Name of Police Agency: Singapore Police Force
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Police Constable

TAIWAN
• Highest Ranking Officer: Police Supervisor General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Police Rank 4

THAILAND
• Name of Police Agency: Royal Thai Police Force

TURKEY
• Name of Police Agency: Turkish Police
• Highest Ranking Officer: Director General

VIETNAM
• Name of Police Agency: Peoples Police of Vietnam
• Highest Ranking Officer: General
• Lowest Ranking Officer: Police Sub-Lieutenant

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK
Police Chief Ministry of Public Police General Police Sub -

Security Lieutenant
Highest Rank (Army Forces) Middle-ranking and Low-ranking Officers

• Đại Tướng (General) • Đại Tá (Colonel)
• Thượng Tướng (Senior Lieutenant General) • Thượng Tá (Senior Lieutenant Colonel)
• Trung Tướng (Lieutenant General) • Trung Tá (Lieutenant Colonel)
• Thiếu Tá (Major)
• Thiếu Tướng (Major General)
• Đại Úy (Captain)
• Thượng Úy (Senior Lieutenant)
• Trung Úy (Lieutenant)
• Thiếu Úy (Junior Lieutenant)
192
SOME TERMS TO PONDER:
• Centralized Police – A country with only one
recognized police force which operates entire that
country.
• Decentralized Police – Refers to a system where police

administrations and operations are independent from
one state to another.
• Chowkidar – In India, means one who inhabits a
“chowki”, police station or guardhouse.
• Chusai-san – The rural police officer in Japan.
• Gendarmerie Nationale – Is the national rural police

force of Algeria.
• Hezbollah – Literally means “Party of God” (Lebanon)

• Jemaah Islamiyah – Islamic Congregation, is a
Southeast Asian militant Islamist terrorist organization
dedicated to the establishment of a regional Islamic
caliphate in Southeast Asia.
• Koban – Is a small neighborhood police station found in
Japan. (Police Box)
• Mutawa – Religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty

is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of
conduct.
• Taliban – means “Students”, is an Islamic fundamentalist
political movement in Afghanistan.
• Al Qaeda – literally means “The Base”, a global militant

Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden,
Abdullah Azzam and several other militants.
• Abu Sayyaf - is an Islamist militant group based in and

around Jolo and Basilan islands in the southwestern part
of the Philippines. The name of the group is derived from
the Arabic, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("swordsmith").
(Sword Bearer)

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V.I.

• It is the science and art of investigating and

A. Safari Method – the researcher visits another country.

B. Collaborative Method – the researcher communicates

1. Alertness to Crime theory

2. Economic or Migration theory

7. Theory of Anomie and Synomie

• International Policing – indicate those types of policing

• Transnational Policing – pertains to all forms of policing

• Money Laundering – is the method by which criminals

• INTERPOL – International Criminal Police

Famously known as INTERPOL, is an organization

• Mireille Ballestrazzi – Interpol's current President

• Jurgen Stock - Current Secretary-General

INTERPOL NATIONAL CENTRAL

COMMISSION FOR THE

• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually

This 13-member committee is elected by the General

 Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates

• Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National

• These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who

• This is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:

1. Secure Global Police Communication Services

INTERPOL’s global police communications system,

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

Member countries have direct and immediate access to

3. Operational Police Support Services

INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field

4. Police Training and Development

INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives

The only Filipino former president of INTERPOL from

PALERMO PROTOCOLS: Are three protocols that were

• – Former Filipino president of the United Nations in

ASEAN ASOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE

- Means EUROPEAN POLICE OFFICE

- Europol is the European Union’s criminal intelligence

It stands for International Association of Chiefs of

Transnational Crime – Refers to crime that takes place

Terrorism – The unlawful use of force or violence against

The use of the word first appeared in January 1795 in

• Carried out by sub-national groups

1. Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state of their own and

3. State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by radical states as foreign

5. Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist ideals and work

6. Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who seek to

• Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.

• An Islamic jihadist movement to replace Western-controlled or

• The only son of his father’s tenth wife.

• At the age of 17, Osama married his first wife.

• Osama married four women and fathered roughly 25 or 26

• 19 men hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners

• 2, 973 died and the 19 hijackers.

• Deny resources, such as finances or base areas, to the

 The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council Members

“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”

• Three Major Groups:

• Aliases: Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyah

 ASG was lead by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was recruited for

• Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”

• Founded by Hilarion del Rosario Santos III, a.k.a. Hannah Santos,

• Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic Group

• The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in Southeast