Photovoltaic Cell

A
PRESENTATION
ON
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTATIC TECHNOLOGY
BY
SUBARNA MONDAL
1ST YEAR , Microelectronics and VLSI Tech Dept. 1
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
+
 Photovoltaics (PV) is the science of direct
conversion of light to D.C. electricity, based on
the fundamental principle of “photovoltaic
effect”. This phenomenon is exhibited in cell
semiconductor materials
panel
 Photovoltaic
devices which converts the solar
energy into electricity are called SOLAR
array
CELLS
What is a Photovoltaic Cell?
also called solar cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Light Electricity
Solar Cell (PV)

Photovoltaic effect
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy that contain various amounts
of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum.
The electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the
conduction band and become free.
These highly excited electrons are accelerated into a different material by a built-in
potential.
This generates an electromotive force, and thus

some of the light energy is converted into electric
energy.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR CELL
First Generation  Third Generation

Nanocrystal solar cells
Single crystal silicon wafers (c-Si)
Photo electrochemical (PEC) cells
• Polymer solar cells
Second Generation Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
 Fourth Generation
Polycrystalline silicon (poly-
Hybrid - inorganic crystals within a
Si) polymer matrix
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper indium gallium
di-selenide (CIGS) alloy
Basic structure of a SOLAR CELL
Operation of a solar cells
When sun light falls on silicon metal cell, the
photon energy allows the electrons from the P-
layer to move to the N-layer, creating an
electric potential difference on the
semiconductor borders.
If these borders are connected to a load by

conductive wires, there will be a flow of
electric current, getting back theelectrons to
the P-layer and starting the processagain.
A photovoltaic cell generally has low current

and voltage levels, of about 3 A and0.7
V, respectively.
PV modules
Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules , also known assolar
panels and these panels are combined to form arrays.
For this , many cells are connected in series and/or parallel to obtain the expected
current and voltage levels and this set of cells is mounted on an appropriate structure
to create a photovoltaic module.
11
Types of PV cells
Silicon Crystalline Cells Thin Film Cells

made by using crystalline silicon solar made by depositing one or more thin
cells,developed from the microelectronics layers (thin film) of photovoltaicmaterial
technology industry. on a substrate.
Mono Crystalline PVCells Amorphous Silicon PVCells
Multi Crystalline PVCells Poly Crystalline PVCells

(Non-Silicon based)
Major Solar Plants
“Nellis solar power plant” contains 70,000 solar
panels that generate 25 gigawatt-hours
“solar
one”, California
1,800 sun-tracking
a solar farm in the Philippines…
mirrors reflect heat
to a central
collector
Where India now and its total installed capacity?
In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India
comes fourth after Japan, Germany and U.S. (With
Installed capacity of 110MW).
India today is the second largest manufacturer
in the world of PVpanels.
The Delhi Government has decided to make use
of solar power compulsory forlighting up hoardings
and for street lighting.
Solar power generation is merely concentrated in
three states.
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Emerging Technologies
‘ Discovering new realms of Photovoltaic Technologies ‘
Electrochemical solar cells havetheir

active component in liquid phase.
Ultra Thin Wafer Solar Cells

Thickness ~ 45μm
Cell Efficiency as high as 20.3%
Anti- Reflection Coating

Low cost deposition techniques use a
metalorganic titanium or tantanummixed with
suitable organic additives
Disadvantages of solar cells
Solar panels are expensive.
Solar power is inefficient in cloudyareas.
A solar energy installation requires a large area for the system to be efficient in
providing a source of electricity.
Solar power maintenance is a problem especially to those who doesn’t know the
proper techniques.
Disposal is difficult for the batteries and solar panels when they have broken down
because they contain toxic chemicals like lead, sulfuric acid & cadmium telluride.
Solarbuzz European and US All Solar Module

Retail Price Index
Conclusions
• Solar energy is the energy emitted by the sun.
• It is the most abundant and renewable form of energy.
• Photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electricalenergy.
• Assembly of PVcells make solarpanels.
• Solar panels finds its applications in many fields such asdomestic
lighting, solar vehicles etc.
• Cost and area are big disadvantage of solar cells.
ThankYou!!!

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MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Solar Cell (PV)

This generates an electromotive force, and thus

First Generation  Third Generation

If these borders are connected to a load by

A photovoltaic cell generally has low current

Silicon Crystalline Cells Thin Film Cells

Mono Crystalline PVCells Amorphous Silicon PVCells

Multi Crystalline PVCells Poly Crystalline PVCells

Electrochemical solar cells havetheir

Ultra Thin Wafer Solar Cells

Anti- Reflection Coating

Solarbuzz European and US All Solar Module

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