Syntax of Sentence
Syntax of Sentence
Parts of Sentence
What is a Sentence?
Group of words
conveying some meaning or
Kinds of Sentences
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Statements
Imperative
Sentences
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Statements
Sentences conveying some information
Sentences making statements or
assertions
Declarative or Assertive Sentences.
Examples:
The gardener waters the plants.
Shehla is singing a song.
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Interrogative Sentences
Sentences used to ask questions
Examples:
What are you doing?
Where do you live?
Is he leaving for Karachi tomorrow?
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Imperative Sentences
Sentences which express wishes, appeals,
commands and requests.
Examples:
Please take your seat.
Do not enter my room again.
Be quiet.
Have mercy upon us.
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Exclamatory Sentences
Sentences exclaiming feeling or thought in
a state of excitement.
Examples:
What a pretty child!
How very cold the night is!
How beautifully Majid executed his strokes!
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Types of Sentences
Parts of A Sentence
Subject
Parts of
a
Sentence
Predicate
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Parts of A Sentence
The part which contains the person or
thing we are talking about is called the
Subject.
The part which contains what we say
about the person or the thing is called the
Predicate.
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Parts of A Sentence
Charles Dickens has written a number of
novels.
Subject : Charles Dickens
Predicate: has written a number of novels
Rome was not built in a day.
Subject : Rome
Predicate: was not built in a day
Phrase
Not a
complete
sentence
Prepositional phrase
Adjective phrase
Adverb phrase
Verb phrase
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Clause
Has a subject
Can express
a complete
thought
Clause Has a verb
Independent &
Dependent /
Subordinate
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Types of Clause
Independent
Subordinate
Clause
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Types of Clause
• Independent – expresses a complete thought &
can stand by itself as a sentence.
• Dependent - (subordinate) - does not express a
complete thought & cannot stand by itself as a
sentence.
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Dependent Clause
• A clause that has a subject + verb.
• BUT does NOT express a complete thought +
• CANNOT stand alone as a sentence.
• Start with SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Independent Clause
• A clause that has a subject + verb +
expresses a complete idea + can stand by
itself as a sentence.
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Parts of Speech
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Parts of Speech
Noun
Interjection Adjective
Parts
Conjunction of Pronoun
Speech
Preposition Verb
Adverb
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What is a Noun?
person
place
thing
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What is a Noun?
Noun : Practice
Find the nouns in the following sentence:
(Remember!...a noun is a person, place, thing, or
idea)
1. Marium and Jasmin share the book.
2. There are many people in this classroom who are
missing assignments.
3. He is ready for party.
4. The man in the mirror was no one but himself.
5. I have never been so upset in my life!
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Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun; it
can replace a noun.
Example:
Jazib is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left them.
When the battery wears down, we recharge it.
Mark lent me his umbrella.
We’ll send it to you straight away.
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Pronoun : Practice
Identify the pronouns in the following
sentences:
They have never been so happy.
Pronouns (cont’d)
• The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the
antecedent.
• Example:
Aleena got off work at seven, then she went home.
She=pronoun Aleena=antecedent
What is a Verb?
• Verb comes from the Latin Verbum, a word.
• It is so called because it is the most important
word in a sentence.
• The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a
state of being. Whether mental, physical, or
mechanical, verbs always express activity.
Examples:
He wrote a letter to his father.
Islamabad is a big city.
Iron and Copper are useful metals.
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What is a Verb?
A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or
question in English. In fact, you can’t have a
sentence or a question without a verb! That’s
how important these “action” parts of speech are.
A Verb may tell us
What a person or thing does; as
Hira laughs.
The clock strikes.
What is done to a person or thing; as
Hira is scolded.
The window is broken.
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What is a Verb?
What a person or a thing is; as
The cat is dead.
Glass is brittle.
A Verb often consists of more than one word; as,
The girls were singing.
I have learnt my lesson.
The watch has been found.
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Action
Verb
Types
of
Verbs
Linking
Verb
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Action Verbs
• Action verbs express action, something that a
person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do
Playing Driving
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Verbs Practice
Identify the verbs in the following sentences:
Remember…verbs can show action or link one
part of the sentence to the next.
Marion was the first woman to become Vice
President.
The father appreciates his son.
There is a large group of students in the
hallway.
They worked all night long.
He will be 18 next month.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Examine these sentences:
The boy kicks the football.
The boy laughs loudly.
In sentence 1, the action denoted by the verb kicks
passes over from the doer or Subject boy to some
Object football. The verbs kicks is, therefore, called a
Transitive Verb. (Transitive means passing over.)
In sentence 2, the action denoted by the verb laughs
stops with the doer or Subject boy and does not pass
over to an Object. The verbs laughs is, therefore,
called an Intransitive Verb. (Intransitive means not
passing over.)
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
A Transitive Verb is a verb that denotes an action,
which passes over from the doer or Subject to an
object.
An Intransitive Verb is a Verb that denotes an
action, which does not pass over to an object, or
which expresses a state or being; as,
He ran along distance. (Action)
The baby sleeps. (State)
There is a flaw in this diamond. (Being)
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Most Transitive Verbs take a single object.
But such Transitive Verbs as give, ask, offer,
promise, tell, etc. take two objects after them – an
Indirect Object and a Direct Object.
An Indirect Object denotes the person to whom
something is given or for whom something is
done.
A Direct Object is usually name of some thing; as,
His father gave him (Indirect) a rupee (Direct).
He told me (Indirect) a secret (Direct).
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Most verbs can be used both as Transitive and as
Intransitive verbs.
A Verb is used Transitively or Intransitively rather than
it is Transitive or Intransitive.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Some Verbs, e.g., come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie,
denote actions which cannot be done to anything;
they can, therefore, never be used Transitively.
In sentences like ‘The man killed himself’, where
the Subject and Object both refer to the same
person, the verb is said to be used reflexively.
Sometimes, though the verb is used reflexively,
the object is not expressed. It is understood. In the
following sentences, the reflexive pronoun
understood is put in brackets.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
The bubble burst [itself].
The guests made [themselves] merry.
Please keep [yourselves] quiet.
With these words he turned [himself] to the door.
The Japanese feed [themselves] chiefly on rice.
These verbs may, however, be regarded as pure
Intransitives without any reflexive force whatever.
Certain verbs can be used reflexively and also as
ordinary transitive verbs; as
Do not forget his name.
I forgot his name.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Acquit yourself well.
The magistrate acquitted him of the charge against him.
I enjoy myself sitting alone.
He enjoys good health.
He interested himself in his friend’s welfare.
His talk does not interest me.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive Verbs Used as Transitives
When an Intransitive Verb is used in a causative
sense it becomes Transitive.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Some Intransitive Verbs may become Transitive by
having a Preposition added to them; as,
All his friends laughed at him.
He will soon run through his fortune.
Please look into the matter carefully.
We talked about the affair several times.
I wish for nothing more.
The Police Inspector asked for his name.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
There are a few Transitive Verbs which are
sometimes used as Intransitive Verbs.
Transitive Intransitive
Adjective
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another
person or thing in the sentence
Evaluative words (attractive, attractive, dedicated,
delicious, ugly, disgusting)
Size (large, enormous, small, little)
Length or Shape (long, short, round, square)
Age (new, old, young, antique)
Color (yellow, blue, crimson)
Nationality (French, Peruvian, Vietnamese)
Religion (Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim)
Material (silver, walnut, wool, marble)
Noun/Adjective tree (as in tree house), kitchen (as in
kitchen table)
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Adj. practice…
Identify the adjectives:
There are many good students in high school.
She was grateful for the interview.
I am a very intelligent person.
The basketball team was very adept in knowing
the difficult plays.
The bluish-green sky was a beautiful sight to
see.
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Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify
a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was
his car?)
another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle.
— How slowly did she move?)
some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly"
suffix
Answers questions such as: "how," "when," "where," "how
much".
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Adverbs Practice…
Identify the following adverbs; then write out
the question that corresponds to the adverb:
Ex: She ran fast in the race. (How did she
run?)
Ashley climbed very fast.
I swiftly ran after the ball.
She shut the door angrily.
She is a very happy person to be around.
The night crept up stealthily like a burglar in a house.
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Conjunctions
A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects
Coordinating Conjunctions
– And
– Or
– But
– For
– Nor
– So
– Yet
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Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a
dependent clause and indicates the nature of
the relationship among the independent
clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
The most common subordinating
conjunctions are: after, although, as, because,
before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though,
until, when, where, whether, and while.
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Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions always appear in
pairs -- you use them to link equivalent
sentence elements.
The most common correlative
conjunctions are:
both...and,
either...or,
neither...nor,
not only...but also,
so...as, and
whether...or
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CONJ. Practice!
Identify the conjunctions in the following sentences; then,
tell what type of conj. they are.
Ashton and I will go out tonight.
After the movie, let’s go out to eat.
Neither Sam nor Vinny ate lunch.
My true passion in life is writing, and I hope to get published
soon.
Susan makes good grades because she studies every night.
Either you will put forth effort in your classes or you will not do
your best.
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Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in
a sentence.
Some common prepositions are: at, under, over, of, to, in, out,
beneath, beyond, for, among, after, before, within, down, up,
during, without, with, outside, inside, beside, between, by, on, out,
from, until, toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.
Examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
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Active Voice
Active voice is used to show that the subject of
the sentence is performing or causing the action.
Example:
Lebron threw the basketball before the buzzer.
Lebron shot the basketball from the free throw
line.
Lebron scored three points.
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Passive Voice
Example:
The ball was thrown by Lebron.
The basket was shot by Lebron.
The score was made by Lebron.
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Examples:
Passive: The cookies were eaten by the
children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.
Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.
Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.
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Let’s Practice
Let’s Practice
SOLUTION
Last summer I painted our house. First I washed the exterior using
warm water and a mild detergent. Then with putty I sealed the
chinks and pores in the walls. After the putty had had a chance to
dry, I could paint the exterior. I used a latex paint because it is easy
to apply and cleans with water. I needed a whole week to finish
this part of the job. I was very careful to apply the paint evenly
because I did not want to have to apply two coats. I used a color
that was very close to the original color. Our house is a two-story
house, which meant that I needed a tall ladder to do the second
story. I had to balance the paint on the top rung of the ladder
while I worked. When I finished the job, I felt a great deal of
satisfaction. I had to pat myself on the back. Even my dad said that
I did a good job.