Universal Law of Physics Teachers
Universal Law of Physics Teachers
Physics
Aristotelian and Galilean Concept of
Motion
Aristotle divided motion
into two main classes:
natural motion and violent
motion
Pushing or
pulling forces
produced Violent
motion and so
was imposed
motion. Pushing
a cart or lifting The movement of the
a heavy weight water (in all cases) is
imposed motion, natural but the debris is
as the wind violent motion in that it is
imposed motion externally caused and
on ships and imparted to objects...
floodwaters They moved not by their
imposed it on
"nature," but because of
boulders and
debris. pushes or pulls...
Aristotelian Concept of Motion...
Galileodiscredited the
Aristotelian ideas about motion,
through observation and experiment
On Earth motion
always involved a
resistive medium such as
air or water. Aristotle
did not consider motion Galileo showed that physics
in the absence of an should be investigated by
interacting medium. experiment rather than
logic…
Aristotelian motion
required that an object In this way he can be considered
requires a push or pull to the father of modern
keep it moving. investigative methods used in the
way we study modern science...
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
-------------------------------------
Galileo disagreed with
this principle and he
postulated that if there
is no interference with
a moving object, it will
keep moving in a Galileo showed that physics
straight line forever; no should be investigated by
push, pull, or force of experiment rather than
any kind is necessary.
logic…
Galileo tested this
hypothesis by In this way he can be considered
experimenting with the the father of modern
motion of various investigative methods used in the
objects on plane way we study modern science...
surfaces tilted at
various angles.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Galileo tested
his hypotheasis by
experimenting
with the motion of
various objects on
plane surfaces Balls rolling on Balls rolling on
tilted at various downward sloping upward sloping
angles. planes speed up ... planes slow
Balls rolling on down...
downward sloping
planes picked up
speed Prediction: balls rolling along a
Balls rolling on horizontal plane would neither
upward sloping speed up nor slow down
planes lost speed.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From this he
predicted that
balls rolling along a
horizontal plane
would neither
speed up nor slow Balls rolling on Balls rolling on
down.
downward sloping upward sloping
planes speed up ... planes slow
The ball would down...
finally come to
rest not because
of its "nature" but Prediction: balls rolling along a
because of horizontal plane would neither
friction. speed up nor slow down
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This idea was
supported by
observation of
motion along
smoother surfaces.
The motion of
objects persisted Balls rolling on Balls rolling on
for a longer time downward sloping upward sloping
when there was less planes speed up ... planes slow
friction. down...
Lessening the
friction caused the Prediction: balls rolling along a
motion afforded a
horizontal plane would neither
greater to
approached speed up nor slow down
constant speed
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lessening the
friction caused the
motion afforded a
greater to
approached
constant speed Balls rolling on Balls rolling on
He predicted downward sloping upward sloping
that, in the planes speed up ... planes slow
absence of friction
down...
or other opposing
forces, a
horizontally moving Prediction: balls rolling along a
object would horizontal plane would neither
continue moving speed up nor slow down
indefinitely.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Galileo placed two
of his inclined planes
facing each other.
A ball released
from a position of
rest at the top of a
downward sloping
plane rolled down and
then up the slope of
the upward sloping
plane until it almost
reached its initial
height.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
He inferred that
only friction
prevented it from
rising to exactly the
same height, for the
smoother the planes,
the more nearly the
ball rose to the same
height.
Reducing the angle
of the upward sloping
plane causes the ball
to rise to the same
height as before, but
will never reach its
initial height.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balls rolling on upward
sloping planes lost
speed.
Balls rolling on
downward sloping planes
picked up speed
He hypothesized that
balls rolling along a
horizontal plane should
neither speed up nor
slow down.
The ball would finally
come to rest not
because of its "nature"
but because of friction
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The motion of
objects persisted for
a longer time when
there was less
friction; reducing the
friction makes the
motion approached
constant speed.
He predicted that,
in the absence of
friction or other
opposing forces, a
horizontally moving
object would continue
moving indefinitely.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The tendency of
the ball is to move
forever without
slowing down in the
absence of retarding
forces. The property of an object to resist
The property of an changes in motion is called inertia...
object to resist Aristotle did not imagine motion without
changes in motion is friction so physics got stuck for 2000 years...
called inertia. Galileo realized that friction was a force like
any other push or pull and so developed the
In the absence of idea of inertia...
retarding forces, Thus Newton presents a completely new
the tendency of the concept of the Universe...
ball is to move Newton's laws are really a restatement of
forever without the concept of inertia as proposed
slowing down. earlier by Galileo.
Galilean Concept of Motion...
Galileo's Inclined Planes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aristotle did not
imagine motion
without friction so
physics got stuck
for 2000 years.
Galileo realized
The property of an object to
that friction was a
force like any other resist changes in motion is called
push or pull and so inertia...
developed the idea Newton presents a completely
of inertia… new concept of the Universe...
Newton's laws are really a
restatement of the concept of inertia
as proposed earlier by Galileo.
Let’s check...
B A
*When object travels the same distance every second,
then the object is moving with “constant velocity.”
Definition of terms…
Displacement
Knowing how far something moves is not sufficient. You
must also know in what direction the object moved.
Definition of terms…
Speed - describes how fast an object moves.
Calculating Speed: If you know the distance an
object travels in a certain amount of time,
you can calculate the speed of the object.
What is
instantaneous
speed?
Speed = Distance/time
Average speed = Total distance/Total time
In calculating Speed…
Speed (meters/second) = distance (in meters)
time (sec)
Solution
Time = Distance / speed
Given:
t=?
d = 20 km
s = 4 kmph
Practice…
1. A boy walks at a speed of 4 kmph. How much
time does he take to walk a distance of 20 km?
Solution
Time = Distance / speed
Given:
t=?
d = 20 km
s = 4 kmph
t = 20 km
4 kmph
t = 5 hours
Practice…
2. . A cyclist covers a distance of 15 miles in 2
hours. Calculate his speed.
Solution
Speed = Distance/time
Given:
s=?
t =2 hours
d = 15 miles
Practice…
2. . A cyclist covers a distance of 15 miles in 2
hours. Calculate his speed.
Solution
Speed = Distance/time
Given:
s=?
t =2 hours
d = 15 miles
s = 15 miles
2 hours
s = 7.5 miles/hour
Practice…
3. A car takes 4 hours to cover a distance, if it
travels at a speed of 40 mph. What should be its
speed to cover the same distance in 1.5 hours?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
distance = speed x time speed = distance x time
Given: Given:
d=? s=?
s = 40 mph d = 160 m
t=4h t = 1.5 h
Practice…
3. A car takes 4 hours to cover a distance, if it
travels at a speed of 40 mph. What should be its
speed to cover the same distance in 1.5 hours?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
distance = speed x time speed = distance x time
Given: Given:
d=? s=?
s = 40 mph d = 160 m
t=4h t = 1.5 h
d = (40 mph)( 4 h) s = 160 m
d = 160 m distance covered 1.5 h
s = 106.66 m/h Speed
required to cover the same
distance
Average speed
This is useful when you are trying to measure
speed, and the object moved at varying speeds
throughout the trip. For instance, if you drove
from here to Davao, you might AVERAGE
60mph, even though you stopped at lights, or
slowed down at some points on your trip.
Y
d rise
run
X
t
Graphing Speed
D
I
S
Speed
T
increasing Object begins moving at
A a different speed
N
C Object is
E
stopped
TIME
Graphing Speed…
m =Y 2 - Y 1
X 2- X 1
m =1,200-800
6-4
m =400 m
2 min
m =200 m/min
Using the points shown, the rise is 400 meters and the run is
2 minutes. To find the slope, you divide 400 meters by
2 minutes. The slope is 200 meters per minute.
Definition of terms…
Velocity is a description of an object’s
speed and direction. It is a vector.
Examples of scalars
• temperature • time
• mass • amount
• kinetic energy • density
• charge
Two ways to specify a vector
y
It is either given by A
A
• a magnitude A, and
• a direction x
Or it is given in the
x and y components as
y Ax A
• Ax Ay
• Ay x
Scalars
Distance (m)
Speed (m/s) Vectors
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration (m/s 2)
(ft/s 2)
In calculating Velocity…
Simply use the speed equation but don’t
forget to specify direction.
Speed = Distance/time
Speed (meters/second) = distance (in meters)
time (sec)
v=d
t
Practice…
1 During a hard sneeze, your eyes might shut for
0.50 s. If you are driving a car at 90 km/h during
such a sneeze, how far does the care move during
that time?
Solution
distance = velocity x time
Given:
d=?
v = 90 km/h (convert where necessary)
t = 0.50 s
convert…
distance = 12.5 m or 13 m
more practice…
1. If a person is walking at 4 m/s, how far can he
travel in 30 seconds?
a) 120 meters
b) b) 7.8 meters
c) c) .08 meters
But if the plane hits an air pocket and drops 500 feet in
2 seconds, there is a large change in acceleration and
you will feel that!
So…
Acceleration = (Final speed – Initial speed)
Time
Calculating Acceleration
As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope,
its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later,
at the bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What
is its average acceleration?
S
P Object accelerates
E Object decelerates
E
Object moves at
D constant speed
Time
The slanted, straight line on this speed-versus-time graph tells you that
the cyclist is accelerating at a constant rate. The slope of a speed-versus-
time graph tells you the object’s acceleration. Predicting How would the
slope of the graph change if the cyclist were accelerating at a greater
rate? At a lesser rate?
Since the slope is increasing, you can conclude that
the speed is also increasing. You are accelerating.
Distance-Versus-Time Graph
The curved line on this
distance-versus-time graph
tells you that the cyclist is
accelerating.