A hazard is a potentially damaging physical

event, phenomenon, or human activity that

may cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation .
Examples of hazards are : an object that may
fall from a tall building, exposure to chemicals,
over charging the cellphone, etc
A. Ground shaking
B. Tornado
C. Landslide
D. Flood
E. Indoor fire
F. Lava flow
G. Industrial pollution
H. Typhoon
I. Forest fire
J. Liquefaction
K. Storm surge
L. Tsunami
M. Extreme rainfall
TYPES OF HAZARDS
There are two types of hazards: natural and
man-made hazards.
Natural hazards are caused by the natural
processes of the earth.
Man-made hazards are hazards caused by
humans.
Natural Hazards
Natural hazards are generally labeled as one
of three types:
1. Geophysical hazards. A geologic hazard is
an extreme natural events in the crust of the
earth that pose a threat to life and property.
2. Hydrometeorological hazards.
These are natural processes or
phenomena of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature,
which may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption or environmental
degradation.
3. Biological hazards - This involves
exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms, toxins and bioactive
substances.
DEFINITION NATURAL HAZARDS MAN-MADE HAZARDS
Naturally-occurring physical phenomena caused A hazard originating from
either by rapid or slow onset events technological or industrial
conditions, including accidents,
dangerous procedures,
infrastructure failures, or specific
human activities.
BIOLOGICAL GEOLIGICA HYDROMETEORO
HAZARD L HAZARD LOGICAL HAZARD

GREEK (“bios” - life) (“ge” - (“hydor” - water)

ETYMOLOGY Earth) (“meteoros” - sky
DEFINITION Process or Geological Process or
phenomenon process or phenomenon of
of organic phenomeno atmospheric,
origin or -n hydrological or
conveyed by oceanographic
biological nature
vectors/
agents,
DEFINITION MAN-MADE
GREEK BIOLOGICAL GEOLIGICAL HYDROMETEO-
ETYMOLOGY HAZARD HAZARD ROLOGICAL
DEFINITION HAZARD
including
exposure to
pathogenic
microorganisms,
toxins and
bioactive
substances

Natural, usually Natural process, Natural process, but

from living source originates from the involved with the
solid earth- atmosphere and/or
geosphere hydrosphere
BIOLOGICAL GEOLIGICAL HYDROMETEO- MAN-MADE
HAZARD HAZARD ROLOGICAL
HAZARD
Examples of include internal include tropical Oil and chemical
biological hazards earth processes, cyclones (also known spill, forest fire,
include outbreaks of such as as typhoons and industrial pollution
epidemic diseases, earthquakes, hurricanes),
plant or animal volcanic activity and thunderstorms,
contagion, insect or emissions, and hailstorms, tornados,
other animal plagues related geophysical blizzards, heavy
and infestations. processes such as snowfall, avalanches,
mass movements, coastal storm surges,
landslides, floods including flash
rockslides, surface floods, drought,
collapses, and heatwaves and cold
debris or mudflows spells.
DEFINITION MAN-MADE
BIOLOGICAL GEOLIGICAL HYDROMETEO-
HAZARD HAZARD ROLOGICAL
HAZARD
EXAMPLE Ebola Virus, flu Ballistic projectiles Tornado, flood, Oil and chemical
virus, rabies (Rocks from an typhoon, forest fire, spill, forest fire,
erupting volcano), tsunami industrial pollution
ground shaking, transport
landslide, lava flow, accidents, factory
liquefaction, tsunami explosions, fires,
and chemical
spills.
Technological
hazards also may
arise directly as a
result of the
impacts of a
natural hazard
event.
Man-made Hazards
Human-induced hazards may be
categorized into:
Technological hazards – These are
damaging human-induced events
originating from technological or
industrial accidents, dangerous
procedures, or infrastructure failures.
Armed conflict - These are
dangerous conflicts between or
among armed groups, tribes or
states, causing widespread fear
and destruction. Examples include
terrorist activities, rebel secession,
and mass killings, forcing many
people to flee to safe places.
ROLE PLAY

Map of locations and suggested scenarios.

A: Family in concrete house near the highway far
from river and mountain
B: Mountain climbers going up the slope
C: Local family home in the barrio near the river
D: Friends in a beach resort
E: Fishermen out on the sea
F: Passengers in a jeep along a road with moderate
traffic
Map of locations
Guidelines for the activity:
A. There should be one reporter, who will explain what the
group is representing
B. The rest of the group, actors, will take on roles, whether
of living or non-living things. But there should always be at
least one human in every situation. For example, they can
be all humans, or one human and the rest are either
animals, plants, or inanimate objects.
C. No member is needed to represent the hazard.
D. The actors must represent what is happening to the
living and/or non-living things caught in the given situation.
The assumption is that they are unable to avoid the
situation.
E. 5-10 minutes to make a depiction.
F. The grade will be based on the accuracy of the
depiction of possible impacts, not on the acting.
G. Each group should submit the list of roles to the
teacher. This will be used as a guide for grading.
Vulnerability and Exposure

Vulnerability is a term used

to describe the diminished
capacity of an individual
or group to anticipate,
cope with, resist and
recover from the impact of a natural
or man-made hazard (WHO, 2002).
A community who has no knowledge about disaster preparedness is vulnerable to an
upconing disaster. Similarly, houses that are built of poor materials are presdisposed to
damage caused by strong winds and even heavy rains. Even attitude of helplessness
dependence and indifference of households are considered vulnerabilities of
communitties.
.

Additional definition:
Other vulnerable groups include: displaced populations who leave their
habitual residence in collectives, usually due to a sudden impact disaster;
migrants who leave or flee their habitual residence to go to new places,
usually abroad to seek better and safer perspectives; returnees – former
migrants or displaced people returning to their homes; specific groups
within the local population, such as marginalized, excluded or destitute
people.
Exposure is the degree to which a community is
likely to experience hazard events of different
magnitude. It has reference to the physical
location (e.g. proximity to a body of water),
characteristics (type of soil, topography,
temperature), and population density (over
population, congestion) of a community that
“exposes” it to hazards.

 
Vulnerable Sectors
Children, pregnant women, elderly people,
malnourished people, and people who are ill, are
particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and
take a relatively high share of the disease burden
associated with emergencies.
Poverty – and its common consequences such as
malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and
destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability
(WHO,2002).
Activity 1: Determining Vulnerabilties of Elements
Exposed to Hazards
Pre-Activity
1. Let the students go to their “hazard group”. Each
group is to be assigned to work on specific kind of
vulnerability : :physical, social, economic,
environmental .
2. Each group should determine the vulnerabilties of
elements to their respective hazard and the possible
corrective measures that may be done.
3. Use the Table below as their guide. (Example:
Physical vulnerability)
(Example: Physical vulnerability)
Physical Element Hazard Exposure Corrective
Exposed to Measures
Hazard
Housing material
Location of
structure
Number of stories

The groups present their output and give

comments/reactions on the report (They may also react on
their own work,reflective of their self-assessment)
Physical vulnerability includes materials used
in the design and construction of buildings;
designs for exits in buildings exposure of
people to hazards when high rise buildings are
constructed in the area; manholes that are not
well-managed ,among others.

Social vulnerability includes poverty, family

structure, literacy, health practices,
dependency; indigenous knowledge systems,
etc.
Economic vulnerability includes livelihood
patterns; community productivity; employment
patterns, etc.

Environmental vulnerability includes climate

change; global warming; solid waste
management; farming practices; fishing
practices,etc.
Activity 2: Differentiating Hazard, Exposure and
Vulnerabilities in Situations.

1. Students go to their “hazard groups” and

talk about situations that expose a person or
an element to hazard.
2. Articulate your ideas in a matrix as shown
below:
Activity 2: Differentiating Hazard, Exposure and
Vulnerabilities in Situations.

1. Students go to their “hazard groups” and

talk about situations that expose a person or
an element to hazard.
2. Articulate your ideas in a matrix as shown
below:
Situation Manner of Vulnerability Hazard
Exposure

Situation Manner of Vulnerability Hazard

Exposure
Ex. Wooden Proximity to fire Housing materials Fire
houses near a fire hazard are highly
cracker factory flammable
Activity 2: Differentiating Hazard, Exposure and
Vulnerabilities in Situations.

1. Students go to their “hazard groups” and

talk about situations that expose a person or
an element to hazard.
2. Articulate your ideas in a matrix as shown
below:
Risk is the chance or probability that a person
will be harmed or experience an adverse health
effect if exposed to a hazard.
An example is the likelihood of a smoker to get lung
cancer, the chance of poisoning when exposed to
open chemical containers, or the possibility of
causing fire if the LPG tank is leaking.
 A disaster is an event where there is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society causing widespread human, material,
economic, ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.
Examples of disaster include the storm surge which killed many
people and destroyed buildings; tsunami caused by an
earthquake which costs many lives and properties; establishment
fire which killed many salesgirl (NOVO and Asia Link Fires)
Disaster risk is defined as “the combination of the
probability of an event and its negative
consequences”. It is the function of the exposure
(to hazard) and the vulnerability as expressed in
the equation:

Disaster Risk = function (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability)

 

Risk =
 “Disasters are often described as a result of
the combination of:
 The exposure to a hazard
 Conditions of vulnerability that are present
 Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or
cope with the potential negative
consequences
To reduce disaster risk, it is important to
reduce the level of vulnerability and to
keep exposure as far away from hazards
as possible by relocating populations and
property.
Disaster Risk factors are variables that either
aggravate or mitigate the effects of hazards,
affecting the degree or scope of a disaster.

(1) Physical factors would pertain to

tangible objects or infrastructure, like the
availability of fire exits, or the sturdiness
of the building, or the presence or
absence of objects that can harm you or
help you, etc.
( 2 )Psychological factors include
state of mental capacity and health
(e.g. are we dealing with babies?
Kids? Adults? People with special
needs?), perception of self (e.g. self-
assessment of capability to respond
to disasters, fear), etc.
(3)Socio-cultural factors include
religion, social status, traditions,
perception by society, etc.
(4)Economic factors include assets
and liabilities, income, economic class,
etc.
(5)Political factors include government
structure, diplomatic issues, etc.
(6)Biological factors include flora and
fauna in environment, health,
diseases, etc.
Hazards turn into disasters when these are
catastrophic events that are extreme
and sudden. For example, a sudden
occurrence of high magnitude
earthquake
may turn a weak, hazardous building
into a grave of dead bodies.
 Storms are natural hazards but it turns into
a disaster especially when the community
happen to be unable to contain the effects
that it may bring. People living
near the river banks are
exposed to hazards of flooding.
A sudden flash flood will turn the
area into a sea of submerged or floating
houses, even bodies.
 Volcanic eruptions are natural hazards
which turn into disasters if it brings forth
so much damage to lives and properties.
For example, the eruption of
Pinatubo buried many houses
and other infrastructures along
the path of its lava and
pyroclastic flow
 Wild fire is another common but neglected
natural disaster. This may be because not
many humans perish in this but it is the
animals and birds which are
slaughtered. Reasons for a
wild fire can be varied: it is
mostly due to the dry weather
or thunder and lightning. Sometimes it can
also happen due to human negligence.
Activity 2: Creating a Classroom Hazard Map
1. List 10 hazards in the classroom. Your
answers should be specific to certain
locations in the classroom (e.g. the shelf at
the corner near the door can fall on
someone). (5 minutes)
2.One will act as group Facilitator to guide the
discussion.
3.Two will report the group output to the class
(the Reporters).
4. Two will take note of the discussions in the
group and the reporting (the Scribes).
5. The groups should come up with a
consensus of the hazards, and how it could
lead to a disaster (the impact), that everyone
has identified.
 
During the Activity:
1. Create a “Classroom Hazard Map” based on
your discussion. The maps should be easy to
follow and understand and still roughly to
scale.
2. Potential hazards should be colored in red
and labeled properly. Possible impacts of these
hazards should be noted by the scribe and
reporters.
2. Safe areas and paths should be colored blue
Post Activity
1.Each group will post their map in a designated area
in the classroom using masking tape. Reporters must
be by their map at all times.
2. The rest of the group will go around and listen to the
reports of the other groups. They are encouraged to ask
questions and make constructive reviews of their
classmates’ works.
3.The scribe of each group should take note of potential
hazards they might have missed.
4. When everyone is done, debrief the activity.