Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENETIC
GENETIC
MANIPULATION: HOST
PLANT
GENETIC MANIPULATION
• is
a process where the gene for a particular
character is introduced inside the
chromosome of a cell. When the gene for a
particular character is introduced in a plant
cell, a transgenic plant is produced. These
transgenic plants exhibit characters
governed by the newly introduced gene. - It
helps in improving crop variety. It ensures
food security and insect resistant crops. It
also improves the quality and yield of crops.
GENETIC ENGINEERING /
GENETIC MODIFICATION
• Is the direct manipulation of an organism's
genome using biotechnology. It is a set of
technologies used to change the genetic
makeup of cells, including the transfer of
genes within and across species
boundaries to produce improved or novel
organisms.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
( GMCs, GM CROPS OR BIOTECH
CROPS
• are plants used in , the of which has
been modified using genetic
engineering techniques. In most
cases the aim is to introduce a new
trait to plant which does not occur
naturally in species.
Examples in food crops:
• resistance to certain pests, diseases,
or environmental
• reduction of spoilage
• resistance to chemical treatments
(e.g. resistance to a herbicide)
• Improving the nutrient profile of the
crop. Plant tissue culture and
deliberate mutations have enabled
humans to alter the makeup of plant
genomes.
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
• A collection of techniques used to maintain or
grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile
conditions on a nutrient culture medium of
known composition.
Techniques
- The production of exact copies of plants that
produce particularly good flowers, fruits, or have
other desirable traits.
- To quickly produce mature plants.
- Production of multiples of plants in the absence
of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
• The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells
that have been genetically modified.
• The production of plants in sterile containers that
allows them to be moved with greatly reduced
chances of transmitting diseases, pests, and
pathogens.
• The production of plants from seeds that
otherwise have very low chances of germinating
and growing, i.e.: orchids and Nepenthes.
• To clean particular plants of viral and other
infections and to quickly multiply these plants as
'cleaned stock' for horticulture and agriculture.
• The first genetically modified crop plant was
produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco
plant.
Application
• A plant breeder may use tissue culture to
screen cells rather than plants for advantageous
characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/tolerance.
• Production of identical sterile hybrid species
can be obtained.
Plant Genetic Systems (PGS)
Best known for its work in the development of
insect- resistant transgenic plants. The focus of its
activities is the genetic engineering of plants First
company to genetically engineer insect-resistant
(tobacco) plants by incorporating genes that
produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis.
• DNA transfers naturally between
organisms. The introduction of foreign
germplasm into crops has been achieved
by traditional crop breeders by
overcoming species barriers.
• A hybrid cereal grain was created in 1875,
by crossing wheat and rye. Since then
important traits including dwarfing genes
and rust resistance have been introduced.
Plant tissue culture and deliberate
mutations have enabled humans to alter
the makeup of plant genomes.
• The first genetically modified crop plant
was produced in 1982, an antibiotic
resistant tobacco plant. The first field
trials occurred in France and the USA in
1986, when tobacco plants were
engineered for herbicide resistance. In
1987, Plant Genetic Systems, founded by
Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, was the
first company to genetically engineered
insect resistant (tobacco) plants by
incorporating genes that produced
insecticidal proteins from Bacillus
Thuringensis.
• Genetically engineered crops have
genes added or removed using
genetic engineering techniques,
originally including gene guns,
electroporation, microinjection,
agrobacterium, crispr and talen.
GENE GUN
• “(a.k.a. biolistic) shoot”
(direct high energy
particles or radiations
against) target genes
into plant cells. It is the
common method. DNA is
bound to tiny particles of
gold or tungsten which
are subsequently shot
into plant tissue or
single plant cells under
high pressure.
ELECTROPORATION
• Is used when the
plant tissue does
not contain cell
walls. In this
technique, “DNA
enters the plant
cells miniature
pores which are
temporarily caused
by electric pulses.
MICRO INJECTION
Corn
• Tolerance of herbicides glyphosate glufosinate, and 2, 4-D. Insect resistance.
Added enzyme, alpha amylase that converts starch into sugar to facilitate
ethanol production. Viral resistance.
• Genes, some from BT, added
• Rice
• Enriched with beta-carotene (a source of vitamin A)
• Genes from maize and a common soil microorganism
• Soybeans
• Tolerance of glyphosate or glufosinate Reduced saturated fats (high oleic acid);
• Kills susceptible insect pests Viral resistance
• Herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria added Knocked out native genes
that catlyze saturation
• Sugarcane
• Pesticide tolerance High sucrose content
• Genes added
Pest Resistance Insects
• Tobacco
• Corn
• Rice Viruses
• Papaya -
VIRUSES
Papaya Ringspot Virus
• Potato -Potato Leaf Roll Virus
• Corn -Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus
Host Plant Resistant
• Plant species which are fed upon by an insect are
called host plants. The inability of insect to attack
a non-host plant is termed immunity.
• A host plant which shows lesser damage is called
resistant and a host plant showing more damage
is called susceptible.
• Host plant resistance is any inherited
characteristic of a host that lessens the effect of
attack. Plant resistance to insects is ‘a quality that
enables a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from
the effect of oviposition or feeding that would
cause damage to other genotypes of the same
species under similar environmental conditions’
Painter1957- defined plant resistance as ‘the
relative amount of heritable qualities possessed
by the plant that influenced the ultimate degree of
damage done by the insects’.
Kogan1994- Resistance to insects is ‘the
inheritable property that enables a plant to
restrain the growth of insect populations or to
recover from injury caused by the populations
’
Character resistance -heritable, relative,
measurable, and variable’.
1782-Underhill’ variety of wheat was found to be
resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor -