FLUIDS
FLUIDS
STATES OF MATTER
• MATTER IS NORMALLY CLASSIFIED AS BEING IN ONE OF THREE STATES: SOLID, LIQUID,
OR GAS.
• EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE TELLS US THAT A SOLID HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME AND SHAPE.
• A LIQUID HAS A DEFINITE VOLUME BUT NO DEFINITE SHAPE.
• A GAS DIFFERS FROM SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS IN THAT IT HAS NEITHER DEFINITE VOLUME
NOR DEFINITE SHAPE.
DENSITY AND PRESSURE
EQUAL MASSES OF ALUMINUM AND GOLD HAVE AN IMPORTANT PHYSICAL DIFFERENCE: THE
ALUMINUM TAKES UP OVER SEVEN TIMES AS MUCH SPACE AS THE GOLD. ALTHOUGH THE REA-
SONS FOR THE DIFFERENCE LIE AT THE ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR LEVELS, A SIMPLE MEASURE
OF THIS DIFFERENCE IS THE CONCEPT OF DENSITY.
THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A SUBSTANCE IS THE RATIO OF ITS DENSITY TO THE DENSITY
OF WATER AT 4°C, WHICH IS 1.0X10^3 KG/M3.
•
PRESSURE
IF F IS THE MAGNITUDE OF A FORCE EXERTED PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN SURFACE OF
AREA A, THEN THE AVERAGE PRESSURE P IS THE FORCE DIVIDED BY THE AREA:
BED OF NAILS:
If you try to support your entire weight on a single nail, the
pressure on your body is your weight divided by the very small
area of the end of the nail. The resulting pres- sure is large
enough to penetrate the skin. If you distribute your weight over
several hundred nails, however, as demon- strated by the
professor, the pressure is considerably reduced because the area
that supports your weight is the total area of all nails in
contact with your body.
EXAMPLE 1
(A) CALCULATE THE WEIGHT OF A CYLINDRICAL COLUMN OF WATER WITH HEIGHT H 5 40.0
M AND RADIUS R 5 1.00 M. (SEE FIG. 9.7.) (B) CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED BY
AIR ON A DISK OF RADIUS 1.00 M AT THE WATER’S SURFACE. (C) WHAT PRESSURE AT A
DEPTH OF 40.0 M SUPPORTS THE WATER COLUMN?
QUESTION 1
A GIANT OIL STORAGE FACILITY CONTAINS OIL TO A DEPTH OF 40.0 M. HOW DOES THE
PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK COMPARE TO THE PRESSURE AT A DEPTH OF 40.0 M
IN WATER? EXPLAIN.
EXAMPLE 2
A LARGE RECTANGULAR TUB IS FILLED TO A DEPTH OF 2.60 M WITH OLIVE OIL, WHICH HAS
DENSITY 915 KG/M3. IF THE TUB HAS LENGTH 5.00 M AND WIDTH 3.00 M, CALCULATE (A)
THE WEIGHT OF THE OLIVE OIL, (B) THE FORCE OF AIR PRESSURE ON THE SURFACE OF THE
OIL, AND (C) THE PRESSURE EXERTED UPWARD BY THE BOTTOM OF THE TUB.
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH
When a fluid is at rest in a container, all portions of
the fluid must be in static Equilibrium—at rest with
respect to the observer. Furthermore, all points at
the same depth must be at the same pressure.
•(a)
SMALLER THAN P
(b)EQUAL TO P
(c)LARGER THAN P
(d)INDETERMINATE.
This photograph illustrates the
fact that the pressure in a liquid
is the same at all points lying at
the same elevation. Note that the
shape of the vessel does not affect
the pressure.
EXAMPLE 3
IN A HUGE OIL TANKER, SALT WATER HAS FLOODED AN OIL TANK TO A DEPTH OF H2=5.00
M. ON TOP OF THE WATER IS A LAYER OF OIL H1=8.00 M DEEP, AS IN THE CROSS-
SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE TANK IN FIGURE 9.10. THE OIL HAS A DENSITY OF 0.700
G/CM3. FIND THE PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK. (TAKE 1 025 KG/M3 AS THE
DENSITY OF SALT WATER.)
QUESTION 3
𝑃 1= 𝑃 2
𝐹1𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
EXAMPLE 5
IN A CAR LIFT USED IN A SERVICE STATION, COMPRESSED AIR EXERTS A FORCE ON A
SMALL PISTON OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION HAVING A RADIUS OF R1=5.00 CM. THIS
PRESSURE IS TRANSMITTED BY AN INCOMPRESSIBLE LIQUID TO A SECOND PISTON OF RADIUS
R2=15.0 CM. (A) WHAT FORCE MUST THE COMPRESSED AIR EXERT ON THE SMALL PISTON IN
ORDER TO LIFT A CAR WEIGHING 13 300 N? NEGLECT THE WEIGHTS OF THE PISTONS. (B)
WHAT AIR PRESSURE WILL PRODUCE A FORCE OF THAT MAGNITUDE? (C) SHOW THAT THE WORK
DONE BY THE INPUT AND OUTPUT PISTONS IS THE SAME.
QUESTION 4
TRUE OR FALSE: IF THE RADIUS OF THE OUTPUT PISTON IS DOUBLED, THE OUTPUT FORCE
INCREASES BY A FACTOR OF 4.
EXAMPLE 6
A HYDRAULIC LIFT HAS PISTONS WITH DIAMETERS 8.00 CM AND 36.0 CM, RESPECTIVELY.
IF A FORCE OF 825 N IS EXERTED AT THE INPUT PISTON, WHAT MAXIMUM MASS CAN BE
LIFTED BY THE OUTPUT PISTON?
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
𝑃= 𝑃0 + 𝜌 𝑔h If P in the system is greater
than atmospheric pressure, h is
positive. If P is less than
𝑃=𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 atmospheric pressure (a partial
vacuum), h is negative,
𝑃 − 𝑃0 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 meaning that the right-hand
column in Figure 9.13a is lower
Gauge Pressure – amount by than the left-hand column.
which the container pressure
differ from atmospheric
pressure
MANOMETER Absolute Pressure – actual
value of pressure inside the
container
BAROMETER
Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647)
A long tube closed at one end is filled with
mercury and then inverted into a dish of
mercury.
BAROMETER
NOTE THAT THE BAROMETER MEASURES THE PRESSURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
WHEREAS THE MANOMETER MEASURES PRESSURE IN AN ENCLOSED FLUID.
BUOYANT FORCES AND ARCHIMEDES’
PRINCIPLE
ANY OBJECT COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY SUBMERGED IN A FLUID IS BUOYED UP
BY A FORCE WITH MAGNITUDE EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE FLUID
DISPLACED BY THE OBJECT.
ARCHIMEDES
GREEK MATHEMATICIAN, PHYSICIST, AND ENGINEER (287–212 BC)
ARCHIMEDES WAS PROBABLY THE GREATEST SCIENTIST OF ANTIQUITY. ACCORDING TO
LEGEND, KING HIERON ASKED HIM TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE KING’S CROWN WAS
PURE GOLD OR A GOLD ALLOY. ARCHIMEDES ALLEGEDLY ARRIVED AT A SOLUTION WHEN
BATHING, NOTICING
A PARTIAL LOSS OF WEIGHT ON LOWER- ING HIMSELF INTO THE WATER. HE WAS SO
EXCITED THAT HE REPORTEDLY RAN NAKED THROUGH THE STREETS OF SYRACUSE
SHOUTING “EUREKA!”, WHICH IS GREEK FOR “I HAVE FOUND IT!”
We often say that an object placed in a
3. The fluid motion is steady, meaning that the velocity, density, and pressure at each
point in the fluid don’t change with time.
4. The fluid moves without turbulence. This implies that each element of the
fluid has zero angular velocity about its center, so there can’t be any eddy currents present
in the moving fluid. A small wheel placed in the fluid would translate but not rotate.
REMEMBER:
• Steady Flow: the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as
the time passes.
• Unsteady Flow: the velocity at a point in the fluid changes as the time
passes
• Turbulent Flow: extreme kind of unsteady flow; the velocity changes
erratically from moment to moment.
• Fluid flow can be compressible or incompressible
• Compressible: Density is not constant when pressure changes (ie: most gasses)
• Incompressible: Density remains constant as pressure changes (ie: most liquids)
• Fluid flow can be viscous or nonviscous
• Viscosity: fluids’ resistance to deformation; fluids’ “thickness”
EQUATIONS OF CONTINUITY
Flow Rate (Q)
-Volume per unit
time
For incompressible fluid:
Q = Av
Unit: m^3/s
Equation of Continuity
EXAMPLE 14
Each second, 5 525 m3 of water flows over the 670-m-wide cliff of the
Horseshoe Falls portion of Niagara Falls. The water is approximately 2 m deep
as it reaches the cliff. Estimate its speed at that instant.
QUESTION 9
11.4 m/s
RESOURCES