Group 10: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS)
GROUP 10
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- the division of the nervous system containing all
the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous
system
- Unlike the brain and the spinal cord of the
central nervous system that are protected by the
vertebrae and the skull, the nerves and cells of
the peripheral nervous system are not enclosed by
bones, and therefore are more susceptible to
trauma.
- PRIMARY ROLE: to connect the Central Nervous

System (CNS) to the organs and limbs
Nerves are bundles of
neuron fibers (axons)
that are grouped
together to carry
information to and
from the same
structure.
2 Main Divisions of (PNS)
a.Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
- Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible
for carrying sensory and motor information to and
from the central nervous system.
- The somatic nervous system derives its name from

the Greek word soma, which means "body.“
- It is composed of afferent nerves that carry

information to the central nervous system (spinal
cord) and efferent fibers that carry neural impulses
away from the central nervous system.
:
2 Major Types of Neurons (PNS)
1. Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons)-

carry information from the nerves to the
central nervous system.
2. Motor Neurons (efferent neurons)–

carry information from the brain and spinal
cord to muscle fibres throughout the body
2 Main Parts of (PNS)
1. Spinal Nerves -
the nerves that carry
motor and sensory
signals between the
spinal cord and the
body.
2. Cranial Nerves –
the nerve fibers that
carry
information into and
out of the brain stem.
SPINAL NERVES
• Peripheral Nervous System consists of:
- 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves
- 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves
- There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that
leaves the vertebral canal (formed by 33 vertebrae)
by passing through the intervertebral foramina. They
are named and grouped according to the vertebrae
with which they are associated:
- 8 cervical
- 2 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
• In addition to the
31 pairs of spinal
nerves on the spinal
cord, there are 12
pairs of cranial
nerves that attach
to the brain:
a. Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)
- This system is associated with the involuntary
control of body movements and has 2 subdivisions:
1.Sympathetic – it is activated when the body is

in a dynamic role or stress. (e.g., increased heart
rate and breathing, dilation of pupil, sweating, etc.
- mobilizes the body to respond to emergencies.
2.Parasympathetic – it maintains body functions

and restores the body to normal or relaxed mode
- generally helps to conserve the body's energy.
It controls normal operations of the body such as
digestion, blood pressure, and heart rate. It helps
the body return to normal activity after an
emergency.
- If we consider the entire nervous system
as an electric grid, the central nervous
system would represent the powerhouse,
whereas the peripheral nervous system would
represent long cables that connect the
powerhouse to the outlying cities (limbs,
glands and organs) to bring them electricity
and send information back about their
status.
Basically, signals from the brain and spinal
cord are relayed to the periphery by motor
nerves, to tell the body to move or to
conduct resting functions (like breathing,
salivating and digesting), for example. The
peripheral nervous system sends back the
status report to the brain by relaying
information via sensory nerves
THE NERVE CELL
Neurons - the basic cell units of the peripheral and
central nervous system. Each neuron has a long
process, known as the axon,
There are billions of neurons in the body. Some exist

alone. Others joined together to form organs like the
brain and the spinal cord.
There are 12 to 14 billions of neurons in one part of
the brain alone.
A neuron has a cell body containing the nucleus.
Dendrites - (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree"),
also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of
a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical
stimulation received from other neural cells to the
cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which
the dendrites project.
Axon - transmits the electrochemical signals through

which neurons communicate.
- Axons of the peripheral nervous system run
together in bundles called fibres, and multiple
fibres form the nerve, the cable of the electric
circuit. The nerves, which also contain connective
tissue and blood vessels, reach out to the muscles,
glands and organs in the entire body
THE NERVE IMPULSE
• A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels
along an axon. There is an electrical difference
between the inside of the axon and its surroundings,
like a tiny battery.
• When the nerve is activated, there is a sudden change
in the voltage across the wall of the axon, caused by
the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. This
triggers a wave of electrical activity that passes
from the cell body along the length of the axon to
the synapse.
• A nerve impulse cannot jump from one neuron to
another. When a nerve impulse comes to the end of
an axon, it produces the chemical, called
neurotransmitter, to be released.
• The chemical crosses the space between neurons
called synapse and stimulates the nerve impulse to
start in the next dendrite.
• The nervous system is assisted by five sense organs –
- eyes,ears,nose,tongue,and skin.
• These sense organs are constantly receiving
information from the environment and sending messages
to the brain.
• These senses aid in the survival of human beings.
• A stimulus (plural: stimuli) is any factor in the
environment that may trigger a nerve impulse.
• A response is a reaction to a stimulus. A stimulus is
received by the body and a response is made.
• An organism must be able to respond to a stimulus in
order to survive.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING…
GROUP 10
BORBAJO, LHELSY-AN
CUYNO, JANNAH LAUREN
DOLOTA, TARA ELIZEBETH

Group 10: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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PERIPHERAL

- PRIMARY ROLE: to connect the Central Nervous

- The somatic nervous system derives its name from

- It is composed of afferent nerves that carry

1. Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons)-

2. Motor Neurons (efferent neurons)–

1.Sympathetic – it is activated when the body is

2.Parasympathetic – it maintains body functions

There are billions of neurons in the body. Some exist

Axon - transmits the electrochemical signals through

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