Basic Chart Concepts
Basic Chart Concepts
Process
Process
The Define
Stable
Stable
??
Quality Process
Improvement Select
Measures
Model
Collect &
Interpret
Data
Yes
Use SPC to
Maintain
Current
Process
6-1
IsIs
Process
Process
Common Causes
Run Chart
Causes that are inherent in the Quality
process over time, and affect all Characteristic
outcomes of the process.
Ever-present
Create small, random fluctuations
in the process
Lots of them
The sum of their effects creates
Time
the expected variability
Predictable
6-2
IsIs
Types of Variation Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
Special Causes
Causes that are not present in the Run Chart
process all the time, but arise
Quality
because of specific circumstances. Characteristic
Not always present in the process
Can create large process
disturbances, or sustained shifts
Relatively few in number
Pull the process beyond the
expected level of variability Time
Unpredictable
The control limits are based on data collected from the process.
6-4
IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
6-5
IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
Process Stability
Stable Process
A process in which the key measures of the output from
the process show no signs of special causes. Variation is a
result of common causes only.
Unstable Process
A process in which the key measures of the output from
the process show signs of special causes in addition to
common causes. Variation is a result of both common and
special causes.
6-6
IsIs
Process
Process
Process Stability Stable
Stable
??
STABLE
Const ant
Const ant
UNSTABLE
Const ant
Sust ained Shift
Const ant
Ir r egular Shift
Const ant
Tr end
Incr ease
Const ant
Ir r egular
Ir r egular
6-7
A Stable Process IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
UCL
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•
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•• • •• •• • • • • •
• • • •
LCL
UCL • • ••
• ••
• • • • • •
• •
•• • •• • • • • • ••
•
• •
•• • • • • • • • • •• • • • •
• • • ••• • • •• • •• • • • • • •
• •• • • • •• •
• • • • •
• •
LCL
Look For:
• Points Outside the Control Limits
• Shifts
• Cycles
• Runs
•Trends
6-9
IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
6-10
IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
Polymer Manufacturing Data
Control Chart
5
b*
Histogram 4
LS US 3
UCL=2.2
2
Avg=1.4
1
LCL=0.5
6-12
IsIs
Process
Process
Stable
Stable
??
Pump Maintenance Data
20
18
16
Number 14
of 12
UCL=11.4
Failures 10
8
6
Avg=4.8
4
2
0 LCL=None
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Week
6-13