Advanced Power Electronics

DC−DC Converters

Dr Taosif Iqbal
[email protected]

1
Advanced Power Electronics Major Components
1- Switch (BJTs, MOSFETs, IGBTs,
GTOs)
2- Diode
3- Inductor
4- Capacitor

2
Advanced Power Electronics Types of DC-DC Converters
1- Step Down (Buck Converter)
2- Step Up (Boost Converter)
3- Step Down/Up (Buck-Boost
Converter)

3
 L
1 L
R + +
Advanced Power Electronics + Vo
2 Vdc C R
Vdc C –
–
–
DC-DC Buck Converter
DC-DC Buck Converter

L L
2
+ +
+
R Vo
Vdc 1 C R Vdc C
– –
–
DC-DC Boost Converter DC-DC Boost Converter

1 2
+ + -
Vdc C R Vdc L C R Vo
L
– – +

DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter

4
 Objective – to efficiently reduce DC
Advanced Power Electronics voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer

Iin Iout

+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout

− −

Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout

and
V out I in
=
V in I out

5
 Example of an inefficient DC−DC
Advanced Power Electronics converter
R1 The load

+ +

Vin R2 Vout

− −
R2
Vout = Vin 
R1 + R2
R2 Vout
η= 
R1 + R2 Vin

If Vin = 39V, and Vout = 13V, efficiency η is only 0.33

Useful in very low power applications only

6
 Method for lossless conversion of
Advanced Power Electronics 39Vdc to average 13Vdc
Stereo Switch closed
voltage Switch
+ 39 open
39Vdc Rload
–
0

Switch state, Output voltage DT

Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc

If the duty cycle D of the switch is 0.33, then the

average voltage is 39 ● 0.33 = 13Vdc. This is lossless
conversion, but is it acceptable?

7
 Convert 39Vdc to 13Vdc, cont.
Advanced Power Electronics add a large C in parallel with the load to
+ control ripple. But if the C has 13Vdc,
39Vdc C Rload then when the switch closes, the source
– current spikes to a huge value and burns
out the switch.

L add an L to prevent the huge

current spike. But now, if the L
+ has current when the switch
39Vdc C Rload attempts to open, the inductor’s
– current momentum and resulting
Ldi/dt burns out the switch.
lossless
L
By adding a “free wheeling”
+ diode, the switch can open and
Rload the inductor current can continue
39Vdc C
to flow. With high-frequency
– switching, the load voltage ripple
A DC-DC Buck Converter can be reduced to a small value.

8
 C’s and L’s operating in periodic steady-
Advanced Power Electronics state
Examine the current passing through a capacitor that is
operating in periodic steady state. The governing
equation is
1 to t
i(t)= C
dv(t)
which leads to v(t)= v(to )+  i(t)dt
dt C to

Since the capacitor is in periodic steady state, then the

voltage at time to is the same as the voltage one period T
later, so
1 to  T
v ( t o +T )=v ( t o ) , or v(to +T)  v(to )= 0 =  i(t)dt
C to
to  T
The conclusion is that to
i(t)dt = 0 which means that

the average current through a capacitor operating in

periodic steady state is zero
9
 Now, an inductor
Advanced Power Electronics
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating
in periodic steady state. The governing equation is
di(t) 1 to  t
v(t)= L which leads to i(t)= i(to )+  v(t)dt
dt L to

Since the inductor is in periodic steady state, then the

voltage at time to is the same as the voltage one period T
later, so
1 to  T
i ( t o +T ) = i( t o ) , or i(to +T)  i(to )= 0 =  v(t)dt
L to
to T
The conclusion is that to
v(t)dt  0 which means that

the average voltage across an inductor operating in

periodic steady state is zero
10
 KVL and KCL in periodic steady-state
Advanced Power Electronics
Since KVL and KCL apply at any instance, then they must also be valid
in averages. Consider KVL,

∑ v ( t )= 0, v1(t)+ v2 (t)+ v3 (t)+ ...+ v N (t)= 0

Aroundloop

to+T to+T to+T to+T to+T

1 1 1 1 1
T to
 v1(t)dt +
T 
to
v2 (t)dt +
T 
to
v3 (t)dt  ...+
T 
to
vN (t)dt =
T 
to
( 0 )dt = 0

KVL applies in the average

V1avg +V2avg +V3avg + ...+VNavg = 0 sense

The same reasoning applies to KCL

∑ i ( t )= 0, i1(t)+i2 (t)+i3 (t)+ ...+iN (t)= 0

Outofnode
KCL applies in the average
sense
I1avg + I 2avg + I 3avg + ... + I Navg = 0
11
 Capacitors and Inductors
Advanced Power Electronics dv(t)
In capacitors: i(t)= C The voltage cannot change
dt
instantaneously
Capacitors tend to keep the voltage constant (voltage
“inertia”). An ideal capacitor with infinite capacitance
acts as a constant voltage source. Thus, a capacitor
cannot be connected in parallel with a voltage source or
a switch (otherwise KVL would be violated, i.e. there will
be a short-circuit)
di(t) The current cannot change
In inductors: v(t)= L
dt instantaneously
Inductors tend to keep the current constant (current
“inertia”). An ideal inductor with infinite inductance acts
as a constant current source. Thus, an inductor cannot
be connected in series with a current source or a switch
(otherwise KCL would be violated)
12
 Buck converter
Advanced Power Electronics + vL – • Assume large C so that
iL Iout Vout has very low ripple
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC • Since V has very low
out
–
ripple, then assume Iout
has very low ripple

What do we learn from inductor voltage and

capacitor current in the average sense?
+0V–
iin Iout Iout

L +
Vin C Vout
0A
–

13
 The input/output equation for DC-DC
Advanced Power Electronics converters usually comes by examining
inductor voltages
+ (Vin – Vout) –
iin iL Iout
Mode 1
Switch closed for L +
DT seconds Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

Reverse biased, thus the

diode is open

di L di L di L V in −V out
v L =L , v L =V in −V out , V in −V out =L , =
dt dt dt L
for DT seconds
Note – if the switch stays closed, then Vout = Vin

14
 Mode 2
Advanced Power Electronics
Switch open for (1 − D)T seconds
– Vout +
iL Iout

L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

iL continues to flow, thus the diode is closed. This

is the assumption of “continuous conduction” in the
inductor which is the normal operating condition.

di L di L di L −V out
v L =L , v L =−V out , −V out =L , =
dt dt dt L
for (1−D)T seconds

15
 Examine the inductor current
Advanced Power Electronics
diL Vin  Vout
Switch closed, vL = Vin  Vout  =
dt L

diL Vout
Switch open, vL = Vout  =
dt L

Vout From geometry, Iavg = Iout is halfway

iL ( A/sec)
L
Imax between Imax and Imin Periodic –
finishes
Iavg = Iout Vin  Vout ΔI where it
( A/sec)
Imin L started

DT (1 − D)T Vin  Vout  Vout

Δi L = t1 = t2
L L
T
16
 Since the average voltage across L is
Advanced Power Electronics zero
VLavg = D   Vin  Vout  +  1  D    Vout  = 0

DVin = D.Vout +Vout  DV

. out

The input/output equation V out =DV in

becomes
From power balance, V in I in =V out I out , so
Note – even though iin is not constant
I in
I out = (i.e., iin has harmonics), the input power is
D
still simply Vin • Iin because Vin has no
harmonics 17
 Effect of Load Current Iout Change while
Advanced Power Electronics
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant
iL

ΔI
Raise Iout

ΔI

Lower Iout
ΔI

• ΔI is unchanged

• Lowering Iout (by increasing R load and, therefore, decreasing Pout )

moves the circuit toward discontinuous operation

18
 Effect of change in f while holding
Advanced Power Electronics Vin, Vout, Iout, and L constant
Vin  Vout Vin  Vout
iL ΔiL = DT = D
L Lf

Low freq

High freq

• Slopes of iL are unchanged

• Lowering f increases ΔI and moves the circuit toward

discontinuous operation
19
 Effect of inductance L change while
Advanced Power Electronics
holding Vin, Vout, Iout and f constant
Vin  Vout V V
ΔiL = DT = in out D
L Lf
iL
Lower L

Raise L

• Lowering L increases ΔI and moves the circuit toward

discontinuous operation

20
 RMS of common periodic waveforms
Advanced Power Electronics
Sawtooth

T
T 2 2 T 2
1  
V V V
2
Vrms =   t  dt = 3  t 2 dt = 3 t 3 |0T
T 0 T  T 0 3T
V
Vrms =
3
21
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
Advanced Power Electronics cont.
Using the power concept, it is easy to reason that the following
waveforms would all produce the same average power to a
resistor, and thus their rms values are identical and equal to the
previous example

V V 0

0 0 -
V
V V V

0 0 0

V
V
Vrms =
0 3
22
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
Advanced Power Electronics cont.
Now, consider a useful example, based upon a waveform that is
often seen in DC-DC converter currents. Decompose the waveform
into its ripple, plus its minimum value.
i Δ( t )
the ripple
( I max − I min )

i(t )
I max 0

I avg
I min
= +
the minimum value
I min

I avg =
 I max  I min 
2 0
I max  I min
I avg   I min
2
23
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
Advanced Power Electronics cont.
= Avg   i(t)+ I min  
2 2
I rms

2
I rms = Avg  i 2 (t)+ 2i(t).I min + I min
2

2
I rms = Avg  i 2 (t) + 2I min Avg  i(t) + I min
2

i(t) i(t)
( Avg  i 2 (t)   )
3 3
 I  I min   I max  I min  + I 2
2
2
I rms = max + 2I min min
3 2

Define I PP =I max − I min

2
2 I 2
I rms = PP + I min I PP + I min
3
24
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
Advanced Power Electronics cont. 2
I min = I avg 
I PP 2 I PP 2
Recognize that
2
I rms = + I min I PP + I min
3
2 2
I PP  I   I 
2
I rms = +  I avg  PP  I PP +  I avg  PP 
3  2   2 
2 2 2
I PP I PP I PP
I 2
rms = + I avg I PP  + I avg  I avg I PP +
2

3 2 4

2 I 2PP I 2PP ( I max +I min )

I rms = − +I 2avg I avg =
3 4 i(t ) 2

I avg I PP =I max − I min

2
2 2 I PP
I rms =I avg +
12

25
Advanced Power Electronics Inductor current rating
2 2 1 2 2 1 2
I Lrms =I avg + I pp =I out + ( ΔI )
12 12

Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iout
iL
2Iout
Iavg = Iout ΔI
0

1 4 2
I 2Lrms =I 2out + ( 2I out )
2
= I out
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms = I out
3

26
 Capacitor current and current rating
Advanced Power Electronics iL Iout

L
C
(iL – Iout)
Note – raising f or L, which lowers
iC = (iL – Iout) ΔI, reduces the capacitor current
Iout
0
ΔI
−Iout
Max rms current occurs at the boundary of continuous/discontinuous
conduction, where ΔI =2Iout
Use max

1 1 2 I out
+  2Iout  = 0 + I out
2 2 2 2
I Crms =I avg
I Crms =
12 3 3

27
 MOSFET and diode currents and current
Advanced Power Electronics ratings
iL Iout
iin

L
C
(iL – Iout)

I sw 2I
out
Iout
0

Id 2Iout
Iout
0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms = I out
3
28
 Boundary of continuous/discontinuous
Advanced Power Electronics −V
state
out
A /sec
L
iL
2Iout
Iavg = Iout
0
(1 − D)T

Worst case:
Vout Vout  1  D 
2Iout =  1  D  T =  I L
L Lf
Vout (1  D )
Lcrit 
2Iout f

29
Advanced Power Electronics Worst-case load ripple voltage

iC = (iL – Iout)
Iout C charging
0
T/2
−Iout

During the charging period, the voltage VC moves from the min to
the max. The area of the triangle shown above gives the peak-to-
peak ripple voltage.
1T
I I out  ic ,max
ΔQ 2 2 out TI out I out
ΔV = = = =
C C 4C 4Cf
I out
ΔV = 2Vo , for worst case Ccrit 
8Vo f
Raising f or C reduces the load voltage ripple
30
 Voltage ratings
Advanced Power Electronics Switch Closed iin iL Iout
C sees Vout
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Diode sees Vin

MOSFET sees Vin

iL Iout
Switch Open
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2Vin

• Capacitor, use 1.5Vout 31

Advanced Power Electronics Discontinuous state
Iout
MOSFET

L +
Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout –

• Occurs for light loads, or low operating frequencies, where

the inductor current eventually hits zero during the switch-
open state
• The diode opens to prevent backward current flow
• The small capacitances of the MOSFET and diode, acting in
parallel with each other as a net parasitic capacitance,
interact with L to produce an oscillation
• The output C is in series with the net parasitic capacitance,
but C is so large that it can be ignored in the oscillation
phenomenon

32
Advanced Power Electronics Inductor voltage VL showing oscillation
during discontinuous current operation

vL = (Vin – Vout)

Switch
closed

vL = –Vout

Switch open

 650kHz. With L = 100µH, this corresponds

to net parasitic C = 0.6nF
33
 Impedance matching !
Advanced Power Electronics
Iin Iout = Iin / D

+ +
DC−DC Buck V out
Source R load =
Vin Converter Vout = DVin I out

− −
Iin

+
Equivalent from R equiv
Vin source perspective

−
Vout So, the buck converter
V Vout Rload makes the load
Requiv = in = D = = resistance look larger
I in I out  D I out D 2 D2 to the source

34
 Example of drawing maximum power
Advanced Power Electronics from solar panel
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
Pmax is approx. 130W
6
(occurs at 29V, 4.5A)
Isc 5

4
For max power from
I - amps

3 panels at this solar

2
intensity level, attach
29 V
1 Rload = =6 . 44 Ω
4 .5A
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts
But as the sun
Voc conditions change,
the “max power
I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω resistor resistance” must also
change
35
 Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only !
Advanced Power Electronics 55W
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6 55W
130W
5

or
4

ist
I - amps

res
3
2Ω
4 Ω or
2
. 4
6 is t
1 res

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

To draw maximum power (130W), connect a buck converter between

the panel and the load resistor, and use D to modify the equivalent load
resistance seen by the source so that maximum power is transferred
Rload Rload 2
Requiv = 2
,D = = = 0.56
D Requiv 6.44
36
 Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only 55W !
Advanced Power Electronics PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6 55W
130W
5

or
4

ist
I - amps

res
3
2Ω
4 Ω or
2
. 4
6 is t
1 res

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

D = 0.56 Vin  29V  Vo  16.24V  I o  8.12 A

37
 Buck converter for solar applications
Advanced Power Electronics
The panel needs a ripple-free current to stay on the max power point.
Wiring inductance reacts to the current switching with large voltage
spikes.
+ vL –
iL Iout
ipanel

L +
Vpanel C Vout
iC
–

Put a capacitor here to provide the

ripple current required by the
opening and closing of the MOSFET

In that way, the panel current can be ripple

free and the voltage spikes can be controlled

We use a 10µF, 50V, 5A high-frequency bipolar (unpolarized)

capacitor
38
 BUCK DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics
Our components
9A 250V 5A 200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Worst-Case Component Ratings Comparisons
for DC-DC Converters

Output Diode and

Converter Input Inductor Capacitor Output Capacitor Diode and MOSFET
Type Current Voltage Current (Arms) MOSFET Current
(Arms) Voltage (Arms)
Buck 2 1.5 V out 1 2 V in 2
I I I
√3 out √3 out √3 out

8.12A 40V 8.12A 40V 8.12A

Likely worst-case buck situation

39
 BUCK DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics
Buck converter for solar applications
8.1A
I out
1µF Ccrit 
8Vo f
16V 50kHz

Vout 16V
20µH Lcrit 
2Iout f
50µF
50kHz
8.1A I out
C
Our L. 400µH, 9A 4Vo f
0.8V
Our C. 100µF, 250V, 5A 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ( 1 − 𝐷 )
 
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( D =0)=
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A ∆ 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A 400µH 0.8A
40
 BUCK DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics
Buck converter for solar applications
8.1A
I out
1µF Ccrit 
8Vo f
16V 50kHz

Vout
20µH Lcrit 
2Iout f

Our L. 200µH, 9A
Our C. 100µF, 250V, 5A
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
41
 Buck converter + vL –
Advanced Power Electronics iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Boost converter
+ vL –
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

42
 Boost converter
Advanced Power Electronics + vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

This is a much more unforgiving circuit than the buck

converter
• If the MOSFET gate driver sticks in the “on” position, then there
is a short circuit through the MOSFET – blow MOSFET!
• If the load is disconnected during operation, so that Iout = 0, then
L continues to push power to the right and very quickly charges
C – blow diode and MOSFET!
• Before applying power, make sure that your D is at the
minimum, and that a load is solidly connected

43
 Boost converter
Advanced Power Electronics
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

• Modify your MOSFET firing circuit for Boost Converter

operation
• Limit your output voltage

44
 Boost converter
Advanced Power Electronics + vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Using KVL and KCL in the average sense, the

average values are
+0V– Iout Iout
Iin
L +
Vin C Vout
0A –

Find the input/output equation by examining the

voltage across the inductor
45
 Mode 1
Advanced Power Electronics Switch closed for DT seconds
+ Vin −
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
Iout –

diL Vin Reverse biased, thus the


dt L diode is open
for DT
seconds

Note – if the switch stays closed, the input is short circuited!

46
Advanced Power Electronics Mode 2
Switch open for (1 − D)T seconds
+ (Vin − Vout )
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

diL Vin  Vout Diode closed. Assume


dt L continuous conduction.

for (1−D)T seconds

47
 Since the average voltage across L is
Advanced Power Electronics zero
VLavg  DVin   1  D   Vin  Vout   0

Vout (1  D)  Vin  DVin  DVin

The input/output equation becomes

A realistic upper limit on boost is 5

Vin
Vout  times at D=0.8
1 D

48
 Examine the inductor current
Advanced Power Electronics
diL Vin
Switch closed, vL  Vin  
dt L

diL Vin  Vout

Switch open, vL  Vin  Vout  
dt L

Iavg = Iin is half way between

iL Vin  Vout
A / sec Imax and Imin
L
Imax
Iavg = Iin Vin ΔI
A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T

T
49
 Examine the inductor current
Advanced Power Electronics
iL Vin  Vout
A / sec
L
Imax
Iavg = Iin Vin ΔI
A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T
iL iD Iout
isw T iin

Iin L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
0
iD
Iin

Iout
0
50
Advanced Power Electronics Inductor current rating

2
I Lrms 2
 I avg 
1 2
12
2
I pp  I in 
1
12
I 2  
Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of
continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iin

iL
2Iin
Iavg = Iin ΔI
0

1
2
I Lrms  I in2   2I in  2  4 I in2
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms  I in
3
51
 Capacitor current and current rating
Advanced Power Electronics iD
iL iD Iout 2Iin
iin
Iout
L +
V 0
Vin C out
iC
–

iC = (iD – Iout)
2Iin −Iout

0
−Iout

Max rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iin
Use max

I Crms  I in
52
 MOSFET and diode currents and current
Advanced Power Electronics + vL – ratings
iL iD Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
iT
2Iin

0
iD
2Iin

0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms  I in
3
53
 Voltage ratings
Advanced Power Electronics
Diode sees Vout
iL Iout
iin
C sees Vout
L +
Vin C Vout
–

iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
–
MOSFET sees Vout

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2V

out

• Capacitor, use 2V 54
out
 Boundary of continuous/discontinuous
A / secstate
Vin  Vout
Advanced Power Electronics L
iL
2Iin

Iavg = Iin
0
(1 − D)T

Vin Vin D
I in  DT 
L Lf
Worst case:
V D Vin D
2 I in  in , Lcrit 
Lcrit f 2 I in f

Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 1),

use max
V
L  in guarantees continuous conduction
2 I in f
55
use min
 Worst-case load ripple voltage
Advanced Power Electronics
iC = (iD – Iout)

0
−Iout

Q I out DT I out D
V   
C C Cf

The worst case is where C provides Iout for most of the period (D1).
Then, Q I out T I out
V  2Vout V   
C C Cf
I out I
2Vout   Ccrit  out
Cf 2Vout f
56
 Impedance matching
Advanced Power Electronics
I out  1  D  I in
Iin

+ +
DC−DC Boost Vin V
Source Vout  Rload  out
Vin Converter 1 D I out
− −

Iin

+
Equivalent from
Requiv
Vin source perspective
−

Vin 1  D Vout 2 Vout

Requiv    1  D   1  D  2 Rload
I in I out I out
1 D 57
 Example of drawing maximum power
Advanced Power Electronics from solar panel
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
Pmax is approx.
6 130W (occurs at
Isc 29V, 4.5A)
5

4 For max power

from panels, attach
I - amps

2 29V
Rload   6.44
1
4.5 A

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
But as the sun
V(panel) - volts
Voc conditions change,
the “max power
resistance” must
I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω resistor also change

58
 Connect a 100Ω resistor directly, extract only
14W
Advanced Power Electronics PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
130W
So, the boost 5

converter
4
reflects a high

I - amps
load 3
resistance to a
4Ω o r
2
low resistance .4
on the source 6 sist 14W
1 re
side 100Ω resistor
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts

To extract maximum power (130W), connect a boost converter

between the panel and the load resistor, and use D to modify the
equivalent load resistance seen by the source so that maximum
power is transferred Requiv 6.44
Requiv   1  D  Rload , D  1 
2
 1  0.746
Rload 59
100
 Connect a 100Ω resistor directly, extract only
14W
Advanced Power Electronics PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
130W
So, the boost 5

converter
4
reflects a high

I - amps
load 3
resistance to a
4Ω o r
2
low resistance .4
on the source 6 sist 14W
1 re
side 100Ω resistor
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts

D  0.746  Vo  Vin / 0.254  29 / 0.254  114V

I o  116V /100  1.14 A

60
 BOOST DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics Our components
5A 250V 1.2A 200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Worst-Case Component Ratings Comparisons
for DC-DC Converters

Output Diode and

Converter Input Inductor Capacitor Output Capacitor Diode and MOSFET
Type Current Voltage Current (Arms) MOSFET Current
(Arms) Voltage (Arms)
Boost 2 1.5 Vout I out 2 Vout 2
I in I in
3 3

5A 120V 1.2A 120V 5A

Likely worst-case boost situation

61
 BOOST DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics
Boost converter for solar applications
1.2A
I out
0.2nF Ccrit 
2Vout f

116V 50kHz

Vin
1mH Lcrit 
2 I in f

L. 200µH, 5A
C. 200µF, 250V, 1.2A
D (Diode). 200V, 16A
M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
62
 BOOST DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics

Comparisons of Output Capacitor Ripple Voltage

Converter Type Volts (peak-to-peak)
Boost I 1.2A
5µF C  out
Vout f

5.8V
50kHz

63
 BOOST DESIGN
Advanced Power Electronics
Minimum Inductance Values Needed to
Guarantee Continuous Current
Converter Type For Continuous For Continuous
Current in the Input Current in L2
Inductor
Boost V 29V
L  in –
1.2mH I in f

0.4A 50kHz

L. 1200µH, 5A
C. 200µF, 250V, 1.2A
D (Diode). 200V, 16A
M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
64
Advanced Power Electronics Buck Converter – non ideal

vL  0  DVg  I L RL  VC
V
ic  0  I L  C
R
V
DVg  C RL  VC
R
VC D

Vg 1  RL / R
65
Advanced Power Electronics Buck Converter – non ideal

66
Advanced Power Electronics Buck Converter – non ideal 1
R L /R=10e-3
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.8

0.7

0.6

Vo/Vin
0.5

Vo D
 0.4

Vin 1  RL / R 0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
D

67
Advanced Power Electronics Boost Converter – non ideal

VL ,avg  0  D  Vg  I L RL   (1  D )  Vg  I L RL  V 

 V  V
I C ,avg  0  D     (1  D)  I  
 R  R

V 1 1 Vg 1
 IL 
Vg (1  D)  RL  (1  D) 2 R  RL 
1  1 
 (1  D ) 2 R 
 (1  D) 2 R   
 

68
Advanced Power Electronics Boost Converter – non ideal
VL ,avg  0  D  Vg  I L RL   (1  D )  Vg  I L RL  V 

Vg    I L RL  DV   V  V
I C ,avg  0  D     (1  D)  I  
 R  R
V
DI 
R

69
Advanced Power Electronics Boost Converter – non ideal

V 1 1

Vg (1  D)  RL 
1 
 (1  D) 2 R 
 

70
Advanced Power Electronics Boost Converter – non ideal
Pout  V / R 
2

 
Pin  Vg I L 
1

 RL 
1 
 (1  D ) 2 R 
 

71