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Dentin
Dentin
DENTIN
• Introduction
• Physical properties
• Chemical composition
• Dentinogenesis
-Odontoblast Differentiation
-Formation of Dentin Matrix
-Mineralization
-Pattern of Dentin Formation
• Structure
-Odontoblast layer
-Odontoblasts
-Odontoblast process
-Dentinal tubules
• Types of Dentin
-primary
-secondary
-tertiary
• Difference between coronal and root dentin
• Histology of dentin
-Peritubular dentin
-Intertubular dentin
-Interglobular dentin
-Tomes’ granular layer
-Dentino Enamel Junction
-Incremental growth lines
-Contour lines of Owen
-Neonatal lines
-Vonkorff’s fibres
• Innervation
-Direct innervation theory
-Transduction theory
-Hydrodynamic theory
• Age and functional changes
-Dead tracts
-Sclerotic dentin
• Effects of operative procedures
• Clinical considerations
-Developmental disorders
-Dentin bonding agents
• Conclusion
• References
INTRODUCTION
Cervical loop
Dental papilla
• The odontoblasts vary in height and their nuclei are not at the
same level and are aligned in staggered array. This often
produces the appearance of 3 to 5 cells thickened layer.
Odontoblastic Predentin
process
Cell-free zone
Cell-rich zone
ODONTOBLASTS
BRANCHES
• Periodically along the course of the process side branches
appear that extend laterally into the adjacent tubules. The
odontoblast process divide near the DEJ and may indeed
extend into enamel as enamel spindles.
LENGTH OF PROCESS
• Some controversy exists about the extension of process into
the tubules whether the odontoblast process extends the full
length of the tubule.
• with scanning electron microscope and it was claimed that
the odontoblast process extended only 0.7mm into dentin
with the remainder of dentinal tubule empty.
DENTINAL TUBULES
COURSE
• It follows a gentle curve in
the crown and less so in the
root.
• Where it resembles ‘s’
shape starting at right
angles from the pulpal
surface the first convexity
of this doubly curved course
is directed toward the apex
of tooth.
DENTINAL TUBULES
• These tubules end
perpendicular to the DEJ&
DCJ.
• Near the root tip, cervical
third of crown, incisal edge
and cuspal tip the tubules are
almost straight.
• Configuration of these
tubules indicate the course
taken by the odontoblast
during the dentinogenesis.
Clinical significance
Dentin
Dead tracts
Tertiary dentin
Secondary
Physiological
Dentin
Primary
Physiological dentin
TYPES OF DENTIN
PRIMARY DENTIN
• Mantle dentin: it is first
formed dentin in the crown
underlying the DEJ. It is thus
the outer most peripheral
part of primary dentin and
is about 20m thick. The
fibrils formed in this zone
are perpendicular to the
D.E.J.
PREDENTIN
ORTHODENTIN
• Or true dentin is a calcified tissue that lacks cells, contains
tubules, and is organized by odontoblasts.
SECONDARY DENTIN
• Unlike the enamel, the dentin can repair itself by producing
secondary dentin after any injury to the odontoblast or dentin.
Coronal dentin
Root dentin
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
PERITUBULAR DENTIN
• The highly mineralized dentin that immediately surrounds the
odontoblastic process within the dentinal tubule is known as
intratubular or peritubular dentin.
SIZE
• It is roughly 44nm wide near the pulp and 750 nm near the DEJ.
CHARACTERISITCS
• It is more mineralized (40% more than intertubular dentin). By
electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and soft x-ray
radiograph, It will be seem to be an empty space in the
decalcified section.
Dentinal tubules
Intratubular
or peritubular
dentin
Intertubular
dentin
INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN
• It is an area of unmineralized or hypomineralized dentin where
globular zones of mineralized have failed to fuse into a
homogenous mass with in mature dentin.
Dentino-
Enamel
Junction
Inter-
globular
dentin
Dentinal
Tubules
Inter-
globular
dentin
TOMES’ GRANULAR LAYER
• When dry sections of root dentin visualized in transmitted light
there is a zone adjacent to the cementum that appears granular.
• This zone increases slightly in amount from the cervix to root
apex. Branching and coalescing of adjacent process of dentinal
tubules near the dentinocemental junction causes this zone.
• The dark coloration results when light retracts by the
microscopic lens.
Dentin
Cementum
Granular layer
of Tomes
Hyaline layer
Clinical significance
DIRECTION OF SPINDLES
• It corresponds to the
ameloblast direction and at
right angle to the dentin.
• In ground sections of dried
teeth the organic content of
spindles disintegrates and is
filled with air and appear dark
in transmitted light.
Enamel spindles are extensions of
primary dentinal tubule into the
initial enamel matrix.
Clinical Significance
A. Cementodentinal junction
B. Tomes' granular layer
C. Homogeneous dentin
D. Approximate boundary between
mantle and circumpulpal dentin
Cont….
Enamel Dentin
• It is caused by an
accentuated deficiencies in
mineralization. Lines of
Owen
Dentino-enamel Junction
Clinical Significance
Clinical Significance
• This neonatal line may be a zone of hypo calcification.
NEONATAL
LINES
VONKORFF’S FIBERS
• Because of argyrophilic
reaction it was long believed
that bundles of collagen
formed among the
odontoblasts. Recently ultra
structured studies revealed
that the staining is of the
ground substances among the
cell and not collagen.
INNERVATION
• Dentinal tubules contains
numerous nerve endings in
the predentin and inner
dentin no further than 100
to 150m from the pulp.
The nerves and their
terminals are found in close
association with the
odontoblast process within
the tubule.
Theories of pain transmission through
dentin
• There are three major accepted theories
-Direct innervation theory
-Transduction theory
-Hydrodynamic theory
Direct innervation theory
• This is the oldest theory of dentinal innervation and is based
on the belief that dentinal nerve terminals extend to the DEJ.
When the dentin is penetrated the nerve terminal is
deformed directly by mechanical perturbation and initiates an
action potential.
Clinical Significance
• Because sclerosis reduces the permeability of dentin, it may
help to prolong pulp vitality.
• It is more resistant to acid etching than normal dentin.
Consequently, the penetration of a dentin adhesive is limited.
EFFECTS OF OPERATIVE PROCEDURES ON DENTIN
• During the crown preparation, 30,000 to 45,000 dentinal tubules
will be opened by cutting every square mm of dentin. It results
in irritation of many thousands of odontoblasts.
1. Mechanical injury
-During cavity preparation
4. Desiccation
-drying of dentinal tubules
6. Smear layer
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Denatured collagen fibers
Other debris of tooth structure
Contaminated particles.
7. Vibration
- use of run out burs
- abraded diamond burs
8. Chemical injury
- Effect of acid etching and dentin bonding agent
- liners and bases
- varnishes
9. Postoperative sensitivity
-Effective measures to prevent post operative sensitivity:
Suitable liners
Varnish to prevent micro leakage
DBA to seal the dentinal tubules
Minimum depth of preparation.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
• Revised classification
-Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1
-Dentinogenesis imperfecta 2
Type I
• Radiographs of permanent
teeth have pulpal spaces that
are either smaller than
normal or completely
obliterated.
Histological features
• Histologic appearance of
the teeth in Dentinogenesis
imperfecta 1 emphasizes
the fact that this is purely a
mesodermal disturbance.
The appearance of the
enamel is essentially normal
except for its peculiar
shade, which is actually a
manifestation of the
dentinal disturbance.
Histological features
• The density, x-ray absorption and hardness of the dentin are low
thus there will be rapid attrition of affected teeth.
Type II (coronal):
• Periapical radiolucencies do
not occur unless for an
obvious reason.
Histologic features of dentin dysplasia
Type I (radicular) .