Data Communications
Data Communications
COMMUNICATIONS
PHIL LOMBOY
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• The process of electrically communicating binary
information between two or more points.
Easier to multiplex
Noise immunity
HARRY NYQUIST
• The highest sampling frequency required to
propagate a signal is twice its input frequency
fs = 2fin
C. Hartley’s law for Noiseless Channel
• Information capacity is a linear function of bandwidth and
transmission time and is directly proportional to both
• Information capacity is proportional to the product of the
bandwidth and transmission time
C = 2δlog2X
C = kδfT
C = δf log2(1 + S/N)
DATA
NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
1. Point-to-point
> each node in the network is connected to other
nodes by individual communication lines
2. Multipoint
> several nodes in the network will share a
communication link
> Sharing Device – a device that enables sharing
a single source (modem, MUX, or computer port)
among several devices
Network Configuration
POINT-TO-POINT MULTIPOINT
Data Communication Equipment /
Processing Hardware
• Device that provide the function required to
establish, maintain, and terminate a data
transmission connection
Data Communication Equipment / Processing Hardware
MODEM
• A device used to convert
serial digital data from a
transmitting terminal to a
signal suitable for
transmission over a
telephone channel, or to
reconvert the transmitted
signal to a serial digital
data for acceptance at
the receiving terminal.
Data Communication Equipment / Processing Hardware
MODEM PARAMETERS
Speed or bit rate (bps)
SYNCHRONOUS / ASYNCHRONOUS /
STATICAL TDM STATISTICAL TDM
Multiplexing Techniques
FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Seven OSI Layers
1. PHYSICAL LAYER
• Responsible for the transmission of bit stream over a
communication channel.
3. NETWORK LAYER
• Controls the operation of the network or sub-network.
7. APPLICATION LAYER
• Serves as a window for the application process to access
the networking environment.
POLLING
Permanent Master-Slave relationship
The master controls the data flow by polling and selecting the slaves
All data are transmitted between the master and slaves selected one at a
time
CONTENTION
Neither end of the data link has permanent control over the link
To transmit data, a station must contend for the master status
Station at the other end of the data link will then become a slave
Data are transmitted from Master to Slave
The master controls flow of data along the link
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
Link Control
Synchronization
Flow Control
Error Control
Addressing
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
i. Link Control
Specifies the rules for data transfer between
two stations
a. Link Initialization – data link and stations at
both ends are in idle state when there is no
data exchange
b. Link Termination
c. Link Recovery
d. Relationship of stations
e. Mode of operation
PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS
ii. Synchronization
Data are sent in blocks or frames. The
beginning and end of each block must be
clearly identifiable
repeater
hub
node
gateway
router
bridge
transceiver
LAN Terms
1. NODE
– An active device connected to the network, such as a
computer or a piece of networking equipment like a
repeater, a bridge or a router
2. REPEATER
– Is relatively simple LAN devices which allow longer
transmission distances along a given LAN medium and
operate at the physical layer only
– Takes an incoming signal and regenerate it, boosting its
amplitude back to its original strength and eliminating
distortions
– Used not to interconnect dissimilar networks but to
connect individual network segments to form a larger
extended network
LAN Terms
3. BRIDGES
– Connect separate Ethernets together
– Are used to interconnect physically distinct networks
4. TRANSCEIVER
– Is used to connect nodes to the various Ethernet
media
– Also known as Media Attachment Units (MAU’s),
attach to the Ethernet cable and provide an
Application User Interface (AUI), connector for the
computer
LAN Terms
5. HUB
– Is a central connection point for cables radiating out
to multiple stations
– Also called Multiport repeaters or concentrator
6. ROUTER
– Its primary purpose is to find the best path from one
network to another and forward packets between
them
7. GATEWAY
– A LAN device which is used to interconnect networks
that may have entirely different architectures
LAN Protocols
1. TCP / IP
– Used by UNIX systems
– Used by the Internet
– TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
– Guaranteed delivery, handles retransmission,
connection oriented
– IP (Internet Protocol)
– Takes care of routing, non-guaranteed delivery,
connectionless UNIX – a multitasking, multi-user
computer operating system
LAN Protocols
2. DECNetTM
– Digital Equipment Corporation proprietary network
architecture
– Runs on point-to-point, X.25, and Ethernet networks
3. Apple Talk
– A communication protocol developed by Apple
Computer to allow networking between Macintoshes
4. LAT (Local Area Transport)
– A DEC proprietary network communication protocol
based on the idea of a relatively small, known number
of hosts on a local area network sending small network
packets at regular intervals
– Will not work on a WAN scale, as TCP / IP does
LAN Architectures
1. PEER-TO-PEER LAN
– No single station is intended to control all LAN
operations or resources.
LAN Architectures
2. CLIENT SERVER LAN
– One computer will have control of the network,
running the network operating system software.
LAN Hardware
1. NETWORK ADAPTER
BOARD
– Provides the physical and
electronic connection between
the computer and the network
– Provides the interface to the
I/O bus and to the LAN cable
2. CABLING NETWORK ADAPTER
3. SERVERS BOARD
4. REPEATERS
5. HUBS AND
CONCENTRATORS
Servers
• FILE SERVER
– A network computer with a
large hard disk drive where
files or applications are saved
from the entire LAN
• PRINT SERVER
– A networked PC connected to a
printer
– Should be centrally located
where it can be easily shared by
a workgroup
BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
• A transmitting station uses the entire capacity or bandwidth of
transmission medium
• Each device gets its own turn to transmit
• Its advantage are lower components cost and simplicity of
installation and maintenance
BROADBAND TRANSMISSION
• Provides relatively higher capacity transmission technique in
which one cable can simultaneously carry signals from several
devices
• Have the benefit of being able to support many stations over a
long distance and to carry voice, video, and data
simultaneously but they are expensive in very difficult to set up
and test
Baseband Transmission
Broadband Transmission
Available Networks
1. ETHERNET
– Strikes a good balance between speed, price and
ease of installation
– Wide acceptance into the computer marketplace
– Ability to support virtually all popular network
protocols
2. TOKEN RING
3. FDDI (FIBER DATA DISTRIBUTED
INTERFACE)
4. CDDI (COPPER DATA DISTRIBUTED
INTERFACE)
ETHERNET
FDDI
TOKEN
RING
LAN Components
1. COMPUTERS
2. FILE SERVER
– A computer that centrally stores the data to be
shared
– It is where shared equipment (hard disk, printers,
modems) are connected
3. NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
– The software that runs on the file server and
provides the functions for data and equipment
sharing
LAN Components
4. NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS
– Devices installed in a computer that provide the
physical connection to the LAN through the cabling
5. CABLES / TRANSMISSION MEDIA
6. EXTENSION DEVICES
– Devices like repeaters and bridges that extend the
range of the LAN
7. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
INTERNET
• A global computer network that
connects thousands of networks
together allowing them to
exchange files, sent messages,
download graphics and text, and
share other resources.
ARPANET
• Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network
• Computer network which broke
information into small chunks
known as packets
Internet Terms
WORLD WIDE WEB
A menu based search tool that
enables users to access the Internet
resources world wide while using links
embedded documents
This linked documents allow users to
move easily from place to place within
the Internet in a nonlinear fashion
CYBERSPACE
A term coined by William Gibson in his
fantasy novel, Neuromancer to
describe the “world” of computers and
the society that gathers around them
Internet Terms
GOPHER
A menu based program used to
explore and access the Internet
resources
NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR
Essentially a tool or program that
makes Internet surfing a lot easier
Capable of showing graphics and
movies, producing audio or music
and best of all, you can download
it all for free, if the author of the
webpage permits you to do so
Internet Terms
TELNET
A program that allows
Internet “nodes” to log-in
and access program and
other data on another
Internet node
Enables you to connect
outside your server, for
example, outside the
country
MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
386 or better CPU’s
At least 8 MB RAM
Modem