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Principles of Sewage Treatment
Principles of Sewage Treatment
b. Color
The color of the wastewater depends on the amount
and types of dissolved, suspended and colloidal
matter present. Normal fresh wastewater from the
sources caries from clear, milky, brownish and
grayish depending on the main collection at the
plumbing system. In either condition, wastewater
becoming anaerobic will be darker, providing an
excellent indication of the need for further aeration.
c. Odor
The odor, a highly subjective parameter, can
nonetheless offer valuable information. The human
nose, a sensitive odor detecting system, can often
smell wastewater constituents.
d. Flow Variation
Wastewater flows typically vary consistently during
days, week, seasons and years. Daily (diurnal) flow
variation depends largely on the usage of water, the
collection system. In general, the smaller the
discharge collection system, the greater the diurnal
variation.
e. Settling
The solids in wastewater are classified as dissolved,
colloidal or finely divided, floatable and settle able.
The dissolved, colloidal and floatable solids are
included in a single group known as nonsettleable
solids.
Dissolved solids remain in liquid solution and are
defined as the solids that will pass through a 0.45
um membrane filter. Sugar and salts are example.
Colloidal solids – extremely fine particles – will not
settle from the liquid portion but can typically fe
filtered from the liquid with 0.45 um membrane filter.
Floatable solids are those materials that will float on
the surface when wastewater stands quiescently.
Floatable, often containing a high proportion of oils
and greases, are generally associated with high
levels of pollution. Solids will settle from the liquid
portion under quiescent condition. Settle ability is
measured by a 30-minute procedure. (Please refer to
Settle ability Testing, Page 21).
3. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Bacteriological testing determines the presence of
pathogenic organisms or indicator bacterial for such
organism in the raw wastewater, process streams
and treated effluent.
a. Indicator Bacteria for Pathogens
Both total and fecal caliform bacteria, found in large
numbers throughout the environment, are also
present in large number in raw wastewater. Total and
fecal caliform bacteria are not themselves pathogen
but are used as indicator organism because they
tend to resist the effect of disinfection better than
most pathogen, they are much more numerous than
pathogens, and they are easily counted. Therefore, a
low caliform count suggest that few, if any,
pathogenic survive. Both total and fecal caliform
bacteria are reported in units of colonies per 100 ml
if the membrane filter technique is used, or as the
most probable (MPN) number per caliform limit,
some means of disinfection, such as chlorination, is
typically needed to meet the limit.
b. Viruses
Viruses occur less frequently than bacteria and are
much more difficult to measure. A viruses resists
disinfection more than most bacteria, their presence
is sometimes used to assess the effectiveness of
disinfection technique.
4. CHEMICAL CHARACTERESTIC
Chemical analysis of wastewater and internal
process streams, provides a wide variety of
information concerning the characteristics of the
wastewater and the condition of the treatment
processes. Chemical testing provides information on
the concentration of the specific substances for
which the test are designated. This information,
especially when coupled with flow to calculate mass
loading, allows the operator to monitor and control
the treatment processes.
a. pH
The pH is a dimensionless number that indicate the
strength of an acidic and basic solution. Otherwise it
is measure of the concentration of hydrogen ion in a
solution. The normal pH scale ranges from 1 to 14,
with a neutral reading of 7 0. Readings below 7
indicate an acidic condition and those above 7 a
basic condition. The pH is extremely important in
biological wastewater treatment because the
microorganism remain sufficiently active only within
a narrow range between pH 6.5 and 8.5.
Outside this range, or above 8.5 indicate alkalinity
thus, pH can inhibit or completely stop biological
activity.
b. Acidity
Acidity is a measure of the concentration of
substance that increases hydrogen ion in an
aqueous solution.
c. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the measure of the ability of the
wastewater to neutralize acid. For convenience,
alkalinity is reported as milligrams per liter of
calcium carbonate; many other compounds,
however, contribute to alkalinity.
d. Solids
From a chemical standpoint, solids are divided into
several different fractions. Determination of the
various forms of solids and their concentrations
provide useful data for the characterization of
wastewater and their control of treatment processes.
total solids can be divided into suspended solids
and dissolved solids. Each of these groups can be
further divided into their volatile and fixed fractions.
Control of the processes requires that the operator
know the solids contents of the influent, effluent and
treatment process streams plus the methods for
solids measurements.
Total solids represent the mass of material
remaining after the water is evaporated at a
temperature of 103°C. The actual drying time
depends on the mass of the solids being dried and
the type of the drying oven used.
Total volatile solids represent the weight of material
lost when burning the total solids components at
550°C. Burning time, like drying time for the total
solids depend on the mass of the sample. Ignition
continues until all carbon has been volatized. Then,
only fixed residue or ashes remain.
Suspended solids also referred to as no filterable
residues, represent the weight of the solids
remaining on a glass fiber filter following filtration
and drying at 103°C. The volatile suspended solids
represent the suspended solids portion that
volatizes when the dried filter is heated to 550°C. The
fixed residue or ash remains on the filter.
Dissolved solids, also called filterable residue, and
dissolved volatile solids can be determined either by
taking the difference between the total and
suspended solids analysis on the same sample or by
evaporating the filtrate from the suspended solids
test.
h. Phosphorous
Phosphorus assumes different forms in wastewater
and serves as an essential element for biological
growth and reproduction. Phosphorus can be
present as orthophosphate, polyphosphate, and
organic phosphate.
i. Fats, Oil and Grease
Fats, oil and grease (FOG) in the plant effluent can
result in floating material in the receiving water. The
FOG can enter the plant as discrete floatable
particles, as emulsified material, or as a solution.
The FOG measurement upstream and downstream
from the treatment units provide data on the units
removal efficiencies. If excessive levels of FOG
enters a secondary system, the low density FOG
constituents merge with the biomass. This merge
can cause poor settle ability of the biological solids
with a resultant excessive solids loss to the effluent.
GENERAL:
Sewage treatment are employed to convert raw
sewage into an acceptable final effluent and to
dispose of the solids removed in the process. It is
fundamental, therefore, first to determine the
characteristics of the raw sewage and the
required characteristics of the final effluent as the
required treatment before deciding on the type of
treatment applicable.
b.) Clarifier – like mechanism, sized to cause grit to fall out. The grit is
then cleaned by washing and the organic are returned to the
wastewater flow.
1. Screening Unit
The raw sewage from the plumbing system will be
screened through the screening unit which include
rack and screen so that floating organs and/or
inorganic debris such as rags, plastic, papers and
others to be captured and disposed off site.
The purpose is to prevent solid from fouling
subsequent treatment facilities.
3. Aeration Tank
From the Equalization tank the sewage enters the
aeration basin where organic matter in the sewage is
converted by microorganisms into cell tissue,
waster and carbon dioxide, air supplied into aeration
tank by means of positive displacement blowers and
serves as a source of oxygen needed by
microorganisms in the degradation of organic matter
in the sewage. The upward movement of the air
bubbles stirs up the contents of the tank and
prevents the deposition of organic matter at the
bottom of the tank and cause an aerobic
decomposition which would upset the aerobic
process. The aeration basin shall comprise complete
ascending of concrete basin, influent and effluent
pip, air diffusers hanger feed pipe and door feed
aeration equipment.
4. Settling Tank (Clarifier)
From the aeration basin, the sewage enters the
settling tank where the solids settle by gravity at the
bottom of the tank and have a good separation of the
biomass and clear water. The clear water will flow
equally to the weir of the tank and into the
chlorination tank, whereas a motorized airlift
continuously sweeps the bottom of the settling tank
where a portion of the settled sludge is to be
recycled back to the aeration basin to maintain high
population of microorganism and achieve rapid
breakdown of the organic materials. In the waste
water excess sludge is diverted into the aerobic
digester.
5. Chlorination Tank
From the settling tank, clear water enters the
chlorine contact tank where chlorine solution is
added to kill pathogenic organisms still present in
the water. Treated water then flows into the sump pit
and pumped out into storm drainage system.
6. Digester Tank
Excess sludge enters the aerobic digester since
there is no more organic matter present on which
microorganisms eat the smaller microorganisms.
Eventually the surviving microorganisms auto-
oxidized and what is left is an non-obnoxious inert
mass which can be used as landfill or solid
conditioner. Digested sludge is them pumped out or
truck out or truck out off site.
7. Dewatering of sludge (Optional)
The digested sludge will be pump into the belt
system for solidification and to be discharge or
dispose off site to the approve landfill area.
8. Sump Pit
The treated and chlorinated water will bedischarge
into the receiving body of water nearby or into the
storm drainage system.
9. Staffing
Proper operation and maintenance of the wastewater
treatment plant requires a qualified plant operator
and a properly trained staff. The plant operator
should have working knowledge and experience in
the operation of wastewater treatment plants. It is
recommended that the plant be attended for a
minimum of 8 hours per day.
10. Maintenance
Many variation of the activated-sludge process exist
and each can use as many types and styles of
equipment. Fortunately for plant maintenance
personnel, this equipment consists of the same
basis components that are commonly found in
wastewater treatment plant.
Equipment maintenance falls into two areas:
preventive and corrective. Preventive maintenance
tasks include inspecting, testing, cleaning,
lubricating, adjusting and routinely replacing worn
parts. Corrective maintenance involves repairing and
replacing equipment that has failed while in
operation. All maintenance procedures should follow
the instruction in the equipment supplier’s service
manual.
Assumed D = 3.00m3
L = 2W; Volume = 2WxWx3.00m
14 = 6W2
W= √14/6 = √ 2.33 = 1.53 Say 2.00
L = 2 x 2.00 = 4.00m
Adapt 4.00 x 2.00 x 3.00 m depth
6. Design of Equalization Tank
Sewage Flow = 165 m3
Retention time = 2 hrs.
Volume of Tank = 163m2/day x 2 hrs = 13.58m3 say14.00m3
24 hrs.
D = 3.00m
L = 4.00m not same as holding tank
W = 2.00m but at different elevation.
7. Design of Aeration Tank
Sewage Flow = 165 m3
Calculated BOD = 500mg/L
BOD in Sewage = 163 cu.m x 500 BOD = 81.50 kg/day
1000 liters/m3 say 82 kg/day
Estimated Loading Rate = .70 kg/m3
Retention Time = 6 hrs.
Sewage Volume = 82 kg/day = 117.14m3
.70 kg/m3
Assumed D = 3.50 m
L = 4W
Volume = L x W x D
117.14 = 4W x W x 3.50 m
14W2 = 117.14
W2 = 117.14 = 8.385
14
W = √ 8.385 = 2.89 say 3.00 m
Then L = 4 x 3.00 = 12.00
Use 2 tanks 3.00 x 6.00 x 3.50 m depth
= 0.9 Say 2 Hp
12. Number of Diffuser
Equalization tank = 2.20 m3/min. = 5.89 Say 6 pcs.
.373
Aeration tank = 7.12 m3/min. = 19 pcs.
.373
Computation:
Weight of chlorine = 163m3 x 1 day x 7 mg/L = 1.41kg
1000 mg/kg