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    23 views15 pages

    Chapter 03.1

    Uploaded by

    Judy1928
    klc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Chapter 3

    THINKING LIKE A RESEARCHER

    McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
    Language of Research

    Conceptual
    Conceptual
    Concepts
    Concepts Constructs
    schemes
    schemes

    Operational
    Operational
    Models
    Models definitions
    definitions
    Terms
    Terms used
    used
    in
    in research
    research
    Theory
    Theory Variables

    Propositions/
    Propositions/
    Hypotheses
    Hypotheses
    3-2
    Language of Research

    Clear conceptualization
    of concepts
    Success
    of
    Research Shared understanding
    of concepts

    3-3
    Operational Definitions

    How can we define the variable


    “class level of students”?

     Freshman  < 30 credit hours


     Sophomore  30-50 credit hours
     Junior  60-89 credit hours
     Senior  > 90 credit hours

    3-4
    Types of Variables

    Male/Female
    Dichotomous
    Dichotomous
    Male/Female
    Employed/
    Employed/Unemployed
    Unemployed

    Ethnic
    Ethnicbackground
    background
    Discrete
    Discrete Educational
    Educationallevel
    level
    Religious
    Religiousaffiliation
    affiliation

    Income
    Income
    Temperature
    Continuous
    Continuous Temperature
    Age
    Age

    3-5
    Independent and Dependent Variable
    Synonyms

    Independent Dependent
    Variable (IV) Variable (DV)
     Predictor  Criterion
     Presumed cause  Presumed effect
     Stimulus  Response
     Predicted from…  Predicted to….
     Antecedent  Consequence
     Manipulated  Measured
    outcome 3-6
    Extraneous Variables (EV)

    With new customers (EV-control), a switch to


    commission from a salary compensation system (IV)
    will lead to increased sales productivity (DV) per
    worker, especially among younger workers (MV).

    Among residents with less than a high school


    education (EV-control), the loss of jobs (IV) leads to
    high-risk behaviors (DV), especially due to the
    proximity of the firing range (MV).

    3-7
    The Role of Hypotheses

    Guide
    Guide the
    the direction
    direction of
    of the
    the study
    study

    Identify
    Identify relevant
    relevant facts
    facts

    Suggest
    Suggest most
    most appropriate
    appropriate
    research
    research design
    design

    Provide
    Provide framework
    framework for
    for organizing
    organizing
    resulting
    resulting conclusions
    conclusions

    3-8
    Characteristics of
    Strong Hypotheses

    Adequate

    A
    Strong Testable
    Hypothesis
    Better
    than rivals
    3-9
    The Scientific Method

    Direct
    Direct observation
    observation

    Clearly
    Clearly defined
    defined variables
    variables

    Clearly
    Clearly defined
    defined methods
    methods

    Empirically
    Empirically testable
    testable

    Elimination
    Elimination of
    of alternatives
    alternatives

    Statistical
    Statistical justification
    justification

    Self-correcting
    Self-correcting process
    process

    3-10
    Researchers

     Encounter problems
     State problems
     Propose hypotheses
     Deduce outcomes
     Formulate rival
    hypotheses
     Devise and conduct
    empirical tests
     Draw conclusions

    3-11
    Why is
    curiosity
    important?

    3-12
    Deductive Reasoning

    Apply deductive
    reasoning to this
    image.

    What will happen


    next?

    3-13
    Inductive Reasoning

    Why didn’t sales increase during our


    promotional event?
     Regional retailers did not have sufficient stock
    to fill customer requests during the
    promotional period
     A strike by employees prevented stock from
    arriving in time for promotion to be effective
     A hurricane closed retail outlets in the region
    for 10 days during the promotion

    3-14
    PulsePoint: Research Revelations

    55
    The percent of executives who
    admitted that their companies do not
    have an official policy for social
    networks.

    3-15

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