12.6 Motion Along A Curve

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Motion along a Curve
Let
r t  f  t i  g  t j h t k
Then
r   t   f   t  i  g   t  j  h  t  k
r   t   f   t  i  g   t  j  h  t  k
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DEFINITION OF MOTION
If r  t  is the position function of a particle moving
along a curve in 2-space or 3-space, then the
instantaneous velocity, instantaneous acceleration, and
instantaneous speed of the particle at time t are defined
by
r  t   v  t  Velocity
r   t   v  t   a  t  Acceleration
ds
v t  Speed
dt 3
4
Example 1 A particle moves along a circular path in
such a way that its x- and y-coordinates at time t are
r  t   t i  t2j
(a)Find the instantaneous velocity and speed of

the particle at time t.
(b)Sketch the path of the particle, and show the
position and velocity vectors at time t = 2 with the
velocity vector drawn so that its initial point is at the
tip of the position vector.
5
Example 2 A particle moves through 3‐space in such
a way that its velocity is
v  t    1  cos t  i  sin t j  et k
Find the position vector of the particle given that the

particle is at the point  0,1, 0  at time t  0.
6
Displacement and
Distance Travelled
If a particle travels along a curve C in 2‐
space or 3‐space, the displacement of the
particle over the time interval t1  t  t2
is defined as
r  r  t2   r  t1 
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The displacement vector, which describes the change
in position of the particle during the time interval,
can be obtained by integrating the velocity function
from t1 to t2
t2 t2 dr
r   v  t  dt   dt  r  t  t
t2
t1 t1 dt 1
 r  t2   r  t1 
Displacement
8
It follows from Theorem 12.3.1 that we can find the
distance s travelled by a particle over a time interval
t1  t  by
t2 integrating the speed over that
interval, since
t2 dr t2
s  dt   v  t  dt
t1 dt t1
Distance
travelled
9
Example 3 A particle moves through 3‐space in such
a way that its position vector at time
r  t   et i  e  t j  2t k
Find the distance travelled and the displacement of the

particle during the time interval 0  t  ln 4.
10
It can be shown that the tangential component of
acceleration a is
dv d 2 s
aT   2
; v is the speed, v  v  t 
dt dt
The normal component of acceleration is
2
 ds 
aN  
 dt 
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So,
a  t   aN N  aT T
2
 ds  d 2s
  N 2
T
 dt  dt
dv
 v N 
2
T
dt
where  = curvature
 = speed
T = unit tangent vector
N = principal unit normal vector
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DEFINITION OF NORMAL AND
TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS OF
ACCELERATION
If a particle moves along a smooth curve C in 2‐space
or 3‐space, then at each point on the curve velocity
and acceleration vectors can be written as
2
ds d 2s  ds 
v T a 2
T   N
dt dt  dt 
where s is an arc length parameter for the curve, and

T, N, and  denote the unit tangent vector, unit normal
vector, and curvature at the point. 13
THEOREM 12.6.3
If a particle moves along a smooth curve C in 2‐space
or 3‐space, then at each point on the curve the velocity
v and the acceleration a are related to aT, aN and  by
the formulas
v a va va
aT  aN    3
v v v
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Example 4 A particle moves through 3‐space so that its
position vector at time t is
r  t   et i  e 2 t j  t k
(a)Find the scalar tangential and normal components of

acceleration at time t  0.
(b)Find the vector tangential and normal components of
acceleration at time t  0.
(c)Find the curvature of the path at the point where the
particle is located at time t  0.
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A MODEL OF PROJECTION MOTION
Let assume that at time t  0, an object of mass m is

launched. Having
initial speed  v0
initial velocity  v 0
 v0 cos    i  v0 sin    j
initial height  s0
initial position  s 0  s0 j
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To analyze this motion, we begin with acceleration,
a  t   g j
9.8 m s 2 
where g =acceleration of32 ft s 2
gravity
v  t  and r  t  ?
How to find dv
a t 
dt
Know that
 v  t    a  t  dt     gt  dt   gt j  c
1
 v  0   c1 17
But
v  0   v 0   v0 cos     i   v0 sin     j
 c1   v0 cos     i   v0 sin     j
 v  t    gt j  v0 cos     i   v0 sin     j
v  t    v0 cos     i    gt  v0 sin     j
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Also we know that
dr
v t 
dt
r t   v  t  dt
   v
0 
cos     i    gt  v0 sin     j dt
 gt 2 
  v0 cos     t i      v0 sin     t  j  c 2
 2 
 r  0   c2
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But
r  0   s 0  s0 j
 c 2  s0 j
 gt 2 
r  t    v0 cos     t i      v0 sin     t  s0  j
 2 
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Parametric Equations of
Projectile Motion
The parametric equations of the trajectory of the

particle are
x  t    v0 cos     t
gt 2
y t     v0 sin     t  s0
2
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How to find the maximum height and range of a
projectile?
Maximum height, H Range, R
To find H, To find R,
solve y  t   0 solve y  t   0
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Example 5 A shell is fired from ground level with a
muzzle speed of 320 ft s 1 and elevation angle of 60.
Find
(a)parametric equations for the shell's trajectory,
(b)the maximum height reached by the shell,
(c)the horizontal distance travelled by the shell,
(d)the speed of the shell at impact.
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Example 6 A projectile is fired at a height of 1.5
meters above the ground with an initial speed
100 ms-1 at an angle of elevation of 30. Find
(a)the vector function and the parametric equations for
the projectile’s trajectory,
(b)the maximum height attained,
(c)the range of the projectile,
(d)the speed of the projectile at the time of impact.
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12.6 Motion Along A Curve

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12.6 Motion Along A Curve

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1

Motion along a Curve

(a)Find the instantaneous velocity and speed of

Find the position vector of the particle given that the

Find the distance travelled and the displacement of the

where s is an arc length parameter for the curve, and

(a)Find the scalar tangential and normal components of

Let assume that at time t  0, an object of mass m is

 v  t    gt j  v0 cos     i   v0 sin     j

The parametric equations of the trajectory of the

Maximum height, H Range, R

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